Audio user interface with selective audio field expansion

ABSTRACT

An audio user interface is provided in which items are represented in an audio field by corresponding synthesized sound sources from where sounds related to the items appear to emanate. The interface is generated by apparatus that includes functionality for determining for each sound source, a rendering position at which the sound source is to be synthesized to sound in the audio field. To facilitate discrimination between the synthesized sound sources, the sound-source rendering positions are adjusted such that the audio field is dilated in a region of the audio field about a focus reference; this focus reference is, for example, the current direction of facing of the user or the position of an audio cursor in the audio field.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to facilitation of clearpresentation in audio user interfaces in which sound sources aresynthesised in an audio field.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The human auditory system, including related brain functions, iscapable of localizing sounds in three dimensions notwithstanding thatonly two sound inputs are received (left and right ear). Research overthe years has shown that localization in azimuth, elevation and range isdependent on a number of cues derived from the received sound. Thenature of these cues is outlined below.

[0003] Azimuth Cues

[0004] The main azimuth cues are Interaural Time Difference (ITD—soundon the right of a hearer arrives in the right ear first) and InterauralIntensity Difference (IID—sound on the right appears louder in the rightear). ITD and IIT cues are complementary inasmuch as the former worksbetter at low frequencies and the latter better at high frequencies.

[0005] Elevation Cues

[0006] The primary cue for elevation depends on the acoustic propertiesof the outer ear or pinna. In particular, there is anelevation-dependent frequency notch in the response of the ear, thenotch frequency usually being in the range 6-16 kHz depending on theshape of the hearer's pinna. The human brain can therefore deriveelevation information based on the strength of the received sound at thepinna notch frequency, having regard to the expected signal strengthrelative to the other sound frequencies being received.

[0007] Range Cues

[0008] These include:

[0009] loudness (the nearer the source, the louder it will be; however,to be useful, something must be known or assumed about the sourcecharacteristics),

[0010] motion parallax (change in source azimuth in response to headmovement is range dependent), and

[0011] ratio of direct to reverberant sound (the fall-off in energyreaching the ear as range increases is less for reverberant sound thandirect sound so that the ratio will be large for nearby sources andsmall for more distant sources).

[0012] It may also be noted that in order avoid source-localizationerrors arising from sound reflections, humans localize sound sources onthe basis of sounds that reach the ears first (an exception is where thedirect/reverberant ratio is used for range determination).

[0013] Getting a sound system (sound producing apparatus) to outputsounds that will be localized by a hearer to desired locations, is not astraight-forward task and generally requires an understanding of theforegoing cues. Simple stereo sound systems with left and right speakersor headphones can readily simulate sound sources at different azimuthpositions; however, adding variations in range and elevation is muchmore complex. One known approach to producing a 3D audio field that isoften used in cinemas and theatres, is to use many loudspeakers situatedaround the listener (in practice, it is possible to use one largespeaker for the low frequency content and many small speakers for thehigh-frequency content, as the auditory system will tend to localize onthe basis of the high frequency component, this effect being known asthe Franssen effect). Such many-speaker systems are not, however,practical for most situations.

[0014] For sound sources that have a fixed presentation(non-interactive), it is possible to produce convincing 3D audio throughheadphones simply by recording the sounds that would be heard at leftand right eardrums were the hearer actually present. Such recordings,known as binaural recordings, have certain disadvantages including theneed for headphones, the lack of interactive controllability of thesource location, and unreliable elevation effects due to the variationin pinna shapes between different hearers.

[0015] To enable a sound source to be variably positioned in a 3D audiofield, a number of systems have evolved that are based on a transferfunction relating source sound pressures to ear drum sound pressures.This transfer function is known as the Head Related Transfer Function(HRTF) and the associated impulse response, as the Head Related ImpulseResponse (HRIR). If the HRTF is known for the left and right ears,binaural signals can be synthesized from a monaural source. By storingmeasured HRTF (or HRIR) values for various source locations, thelocation of a source can be interactively varied simply by choosing andapplying the appropriate stored values to the sound source to produceleft and right channel outputs. A number of commercial 3D audio systemsexist utilizing this principle. Rather than storing values, the HRTF canbe modeled but this requires considerably more processing power.

[0016] The generation of binaural signals as described above is directlyapplicable to headphone systems. However, the situation is more complexwhere stereo loudspeakers are used for sound output because sound fromboth speakers can reach both ears. In one solution, the transferfunctions between each speaker and each ear are additionally derived andused to try to cancel out cross-talk from the left speaker to the rightear and from the right speaker to the left ear.

[0017] Other approaches to those outlined above for the generation of 3Daudio fields are also possible as will be appreciated by persons skilledin the art. Regardless of the method of generation of the audio field,most 3D audio systems are, in practice, generally effective in achievingazimuth positioning but less effective for elevation and range. However,in many applications this is not a particular problem since azimuthpositioning is normally the most important. As a result, systems for thegeneration of audio fields giving the perception of physically separatedsound sources range from full 3D systems, through two dimensionalsystems (giving, for example, azimuth and elevation position variation),to one-dimensional systems typically giving only azimuth positionvariation (such as a standard stereo sound system). Clearly, 2D andparticularly ID systems are technically less complex than 3D systems asillustrated by the fact that stereo sound systems have been around forvery many years.

[0018] In terms of user experience, headphone-based systems areinherently “head stabilized”—that is, the generated audio field rotateswith the head and thus the position of each sound source appears stablewith respect to the user's head. In contrast, loudspeaker-based systemsare inherently “world stabilized” with the generated audio fieldremaining fixed as the user rotates their head, each sound sourceappearing to keep its absolute position when the hearer's head isturned. In fact, it is possible to make headphone-based systems “worldstabilized” or loudspeaker-based systems “head stabilized” by usinghead-tracker apparatus to sense head rotation relative to a fixed frameof reference and feed corresponding signals to the audio fieldgeneration system, these signals being used to modify the sound sourcepositions to achieve the desired effect. A third type of stabilizationis also sometimes used in which the audio field rotates with the user'sbody rather than with their head so that a user can vary the perceivedpositions of the sound sources by rotating their head; such “bodystabilized” systems can be achieved, for example, by using aloudspeaker-based system with small loudspeakers mounted on the user'supper body or by a headphone—based system used in conjunction with headtracker apparatus sensing head rotation relative to the user's body.

[0019] As regards the purpose of the generated audio field, this isfrequently used to provide a complete user experience either alone or inconjunction with other artificially-generated sensory inputs. Forexample, the audio field may be associated with a computer game or otherartificial environment of varying degree of user immersion (includingtotal sensory immersion). As another example, the audio field may begenerated by an audio browser operative to represent page structure byspatial location.

[0020] Alternatively, the audio field may be used to supplement a user'sreal world experience by providing sound cues and information relevantto the user's current real-world situation. In this context, the audiofield is providing a level of “augmented reality”.

[0021] It is an object of the present invention to facilitate clearpresentation in audio user interfaces in which sound sources aresynthesised in an audio field.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0022] According to one aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an audio user-interfacing method in which items are representedin an audio field by corresponding synthesized sound sources from wheresounds related to the items appear to emanate, the method comprising thesteps of:

[0023] (a) determining, for each said sound source, an associatedrendering position at which the sound source is normally to besynthesized to sound in the audio field;

[0024] (b) modifying said rendering positions of at least some of thesound sources to dilate a region of the audio field set relative to afocus reference; and

[0025] (c) generating, using audio output devices, an audio field inwhich said sound sources are synthesized at their associated renderingpositions after any modification effected by step(b).

[0026] According to another aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an audio user-interfacing method in which items are representedin an audio field by corresponding synthesized sound sources from wheresounds related to the items appear to emanate, the method involving:

[0027] (a)—determining for each sound source a rendering position atwhich the sound source is to be synthesized to sound in the audio field,these positions being such that the audio field is dilated in a regionof the audio field set relative to a focus reference;

[0028] (b)—generating an audio field in which said sound sources aresynthesized at their associated rendering positions;

[0029] (c)—moving the focus reference relative to the audio fieldthereby changing which sound sources are present in the region of theaudio field subject to dilation.

[0030] According to a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided apparatus for providing an audio user interface in which itemsare represented in an audio field by corresponding synthesized soundsources from where sounds related to the items appear to emanate, theapparatus comprising:

[0031] rendering-position determining means for determining, for eachsaid sound source, an associated rendering position at which the soundsource is to be synthesized to sound in the audio field;

[0032] position-modifying means for modifying said rendering positionsof at least some of the sound sources to dilate a region of the audiofield set relative to a focus reference; and

[0033] rendering means, including audio output devices, for generatingan audio field in which said sound sources are synthesized at theirassociated rendering positions, after any modification by theposition-modifying means, to provide sounds related to the itemsconcerned.

[0034] According to a still further aspect of the present invention,there is provided apparatus for providing an audio user interface inwhich items are represented in an audio field by correspondingsynthesized sound sources from where sounds related to the items appearto emanate, the apparatus comprising:

[0035] rendering-position determination functionality for determiningfor each sound source a rendering position at which the sound source isto be synthesized to sound in the audio field, these positions beingsuch that the audio field is dilated in a region of the audio field setrelative to a focus reference;

[0036] audio rendering functionality, including audio output devices,generating an audio field in which said sound sources are synthesized attheir associated rendering positions; and

[0037] input functionality for moving the focus reference relative tothe audio field thereby changing which sound sources are present in theregion of the audio field subject to dilation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way ofnon-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammaticdrawings, in which:

[0039]FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a first audio-fieldgenerating apparatus;

[0040]FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a coordinate system for positionsin a spherical audio field;

[0041]FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating rotation of an audio fieldrelative to a presentation reference vector;

[0042]FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a user exploring abody-stabilized audio field by head rotation;

[0043]FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a user exploring abody-stabilized audio field by rotating the field in azimuth;

[0044]FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a general cylindricalorganization of an audio field;

[0045]FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a first specific form of the FIG.6 cylindrical organization;

[0046]FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a second specific form of theFIG. 6 cylindrical organization;

[0047]FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of a variant of the FIG. 1apparatus;

[0048]FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram of a second audio-fieldgenerating apparatus;

[0049]FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a focusexpander of the FIG. 10 apparatus to expand an audio field, the userfacing in the same direction as an audio field reference vector;

[0050]FIG. 12 is a further diagram illustrating the operation of thefocus expander, the user in this case facing in a different direction tothe audio field reference vector;

[0051]FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a segmentmuting filter of the FIG. 10 apparatus;

[0052]FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a cyclic mutingfilter of the FIG. 10 apparatus;

[0053]FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a collectioncollapser of the FIG. 10 apparatus;

[0054]FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a range soundsetter of the FIG. 10 apparatus;

[0055]FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating the concept of the range soundsetter applied to a context of a fixed device being approached by aperson;

[0056]FIG. 18 is a functional block diagram showing further detail ofthe FIG. 10 apparatus;

[0057]FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a relationship between loudness of aspeech input and a range gate set by the FIG. 10 apparatus for limitingthe search space of a speech recognizer of the apparatus;

[0058]FIG. 20 is a diagram of a trackball type of input device usable bythe FIG. 10 apparatus;

[0059]FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a trackball input device similar toFIG. 20 but including a first form of visual orientation indicatorarrangement;

[0060]FIG. 22 is a block diagram of functionality for determining theorientation of the audio field relative to an indicator reference;

[0061]FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a trackball input device similar toFIG. 20 but including a second form of visual orientation indicatorarrangement; and

[0062]FIG. 24 is a diagram of another form of input device usable by theFIG. 10 apparatus, this device being suitable where the apparatus isarranged to produce a cylindrical audio field; and

BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0063] The forms of apparatus to be described below are operative toproduce an audio field to serve as an audio interface to services suchas communication services (for example, e-mail, voice mail, fax,telephone, etc.), entertainment services (such as internet radio),information resources (including databases, search engines andindividual documents), transactional services (for example, retail andbanking web sites), augmented-reality services, etc.

[0064] When the apparatus is in a “desktop” mode, each service isrepresented in the audio field through a corresponding synthesized soundsource presenting an audio label (or “earcon”) for the service. Theaudio label associated with a service can be constituted by anyconvenient audio element suitable for identifying that service—forexample, an audio label can be the service name, a short verbaldescriptor, a characteristic sound or jingle, or even a low-level audiofeed from the service itself. The sound sources representing theservices are synthesized to sound, to a user, as though they exist atrespective locations in the audio field using any appropriatespatialisation method; these sound sources do not individually exist asphysical sound output devices though, of course, such devices areinvolved in the process of synthesizing the sound sources. Furthermore,the sound sources only have a real-world existence to the extent thatservice-related sounds are presented at the sound-source locations.Nevertheless, the concept of sound sources located at specific locationsin the audio field is useful as it enables the sound content that is tobe presented in respect of a service to be disassociated from thelocation and other presentation parameters for those sounds, theseparameters being treated as associated with the corresponding soundsource. Thus, the present specification is written in terms of suchsound sources spatialized to specific locations in the audio field.

[0065] Upon a service presented through a sound source being selected(in a manner to be described hereinafter), the apparatus changes fromthe desktop mode to a service mode in which only the selected service isoutput, a full service audio feed now being presented in whatever soundspatialisation is appropriate for the service. When a user has finishedusing the selected service, the user can switch back to the desktopmode.

[0066] It will be appreciated that other possibilities exist as to howthe services are presented and accessed—for example, the feed from aselected service can be output simultaneously with backgroundpresentation of audio labels for the other available services.Furthermore, a service can provide its data in any form capable of beingconverted in audible form; for example, a service may provide its audiolabel in text form for conversion by a text-to-speech converter intoaudio signals, and its full service feed as digitised audio waveformsignals.

[0067] It is also possible in the desktop mode to use more than onesound source to represent a particular service and/or to associate morethan one audio label with each sound source as will be seen hereinafter.

[0068] Audio Field Organisation—Spherical Field Example

[0069] Considering now the first apparatus (FIG. 1), in the form of theapparatus primarily to be described below, the audio field is a 2D audiofield configured as the surface of a sphere (or part of a sphere). Sucha spherical-surface audio field is depicted in FIG. 2 where aspatialised sound source 40 (that is, a service audio label that hasbeen generated so as to appear to come from a particular location in theaudio field) is represented as a hexagon positioned on the surface of asphere 41 (illustrated in dashed outline). It maybe noted that althoughsuch a spherical surface exists in three-dimensional space, the audiofield is considered to be a 2 dimensional field because the position ofspatialised sound sources in the audio field, such as source 40, can bespecified by two orthogonal measures; in the present case these measuresare an azimuth angle X° and an elevation angle Y°. The azimuth angle ismeasured relative to an audio-field reference vector 42 that lies in ahorizontal plane 43 and extends from the centre of sphere 41. Theelevation angle is the angle between the horizontal and the line joiningthe centre of the sphere and the sound source 40.

[0070] In fact, the FIG. 1 apparatus is readily adapted to generate a 3Daudio field with the third dimension being a range measure Z, alsodepicted in FIG. 2, that is the distance from the centre of sphere 41 tothe spatialised sound source 40. Conversely, the FIG. 1 apparatus can beadapted to generate a 1D audio field by doing away with the elevationdimension of the spatialised sound sources.

[0071] The FIG. 1 apparatus supports azimuth rotation of the audiofield, this potentially being required for implementing a particularstabilization (that is, for example, head, body, vehicle or worldstabilization) of the audio field as well as providing a way for theuser to explore the audio field by commanding a particular rotation ofthe audio field. As is illustrated in FIG. 3, the azimuth rotation ofthe field can be expressed in terms of the angle R between theaudio-field reference vector 42 and a presentation reference vector 44.This presentation reference vector corresponds to the straight-aheadcentreline direction for the configuration of audio output devices 11being used. Thus, for a pair of fixed, spaced loudspeakers, thepresentation reference vector 44 is the line of equidistance from bothspeakers and is therefore itself fixed relative to the world; for a setof headphones, the presentation reference vector 44 is the forwardfacing direction of the user and therefore changes its direction as theuser turns their head. When the field rotation angle R=0°, theaudio-field reference vector 42 is aligned with the presentationreference vector 44. The user is at least notionally located at theorigin of the presentation reference vector.

[0072] The actual position at which a service-representing sound sourceis to be rendered in the audio output field (its “rendering position”)by the FIG. 1 apparatus, must be derived relative to the presentationreference vector since this is the reference used by the spatialisationprocessor 10 of the apparatus. The rendering position of a sound sourceis a combination of the intended position of the source in the audiofield judged relative to the audio-field reference vector, and thecurrent rotation of the audio field reference vector relative to thepresentation reference vector.

[0073] As already intimated, apart from any specific azimuth rotation ofthe audio field deliberately set by the user, the audio field may needto be rotated in azimuth to provide a particular audio-fieldstabilisation. Whether this is required depends on the selectedaudio-field stabilization and the form of audio output devices. Thus, byway of example, unless otherwise stated, it will be assumed below thatthe audio output devices 11 of FIG. 1 apparatus are headphones and theaudio field is to be body-stabilised so that the orientation of theaudio field relative to the user's body is unaltered when the user turnstheir head—this is achieved by rotation of the audio field relative tothe presentation reference vector for which purpose a suitablehead-tracker sensor 33 is provided to measure the azimuth rotation ofthe user's head relative to its straight-ahead position (that is,relative to the user's body). As the user turns their head, the anglemeasured by sensor 33 is used to rotate the audio field by the sameamount but in the opposite direction thereby stabilising the renderingpositions of the sound sources relative to the user's body.

[0074] It will be appreciated that had it been decided to head-stabilisethe field, then for audio output devices in the form of headphones, itwould have been unnecessary to modify the orientation of the audio fieldas the user turned their head and, in this case, there would be no needfor the head-tracker sensor 33. This would also be true had the audiooutput devices 11 taken the form of fixed loudspeakers and the audiofield was to be world-stabilized. Where headphones are to be used andthe audio field is to be world stabilised, the orientation of the audiofield must be modified by any change in orientation of the user's headrelative to the world, whether caused by the user turning their head orby body movements; a suitable head-tracker can be provided by ahead-mounted electronic compass. Similarly, if the audio output devices11 are to be provided by a vehicle sound system and the audio field isto be world stabilised, the orientation of the audio field must bemodified by any change in orientation of the vehicle as determined byany suitable sensor. It may be generally be noted that where a user istravelling in a vehicle, the latter serves as a local world so thatproviding vehicle stabilisation of the audio field is akin to providingworld stabilisation (whether the audio output devices are headphones,body mounted or vehicle mounted) but with any required sensing of userhead/body rotation relative to the world now being done with respect tothe vehicle.

[0075] It is also to be noted that the audio-field rotation discussedabove only concerned azimuth rotation—that is, rotation about a verticalaxis. It is, of course, also possible to treat rotation of the field inelevation in a similar manner both to track head movements (nodding upand down) to achieve a selected stabilisation and to enable the user tocommand audio-field elevation-angle changes; appropriate modificationsto the FIG. 1 apparatus to handle rotation in elevation in this way willbe apparent to persons skilled in the art.

[0076] Considering FIG. 1 in more detail, services are selected bysubsystem 13, these services being either local (for example, anapplication running on a local processor) or accessible via acommunications link 20 (such as a radio link or fixed wire connectionproviding internet or intranet access). The services can conveniently becategorised into general services such as e-mail, and services that haverelevance to the immediate vicinity (augmentation services). Theservices are selected by selection control block 17 according topredetermined user-specified criteria and possibly also by real-timeuser input provided via any suitable means such as a keypad, voice inputunit or interactive display.

[0077] A memory 14 is used to store data about the selected serviceswith each such service being given a respective service ID. For eachselected service, memory 14 holds access data (e.g. address of serviceexecutable or starting URL) and data on the or each sound sourcespecified by the service or user to be used to represent the servicewith each such sound source being distinguished by a suitable suffix tothe service ID. For each sound source, the memory holds data on the oreach associated audio label, each label being identified by a furthersuffix to the suffixed service ID used to identify the sound source. Theaudio labels for the selected services are either provided by theservices themselves to the subsystem 13 or are specified by the user forparticular identified services. The labels are preferably provided andstored in text-form for conversion to audio by a text-to-speechconverter (not shown) as and when required by the spatialisationprocessor. Where the audio label associated with a service is to be alow-level live feed, memory 14 holds an indicator indicating this.Provision may also be made for temporarily replacing the normal audiolabel of a service sound source with a notification of a significantservice-related event (for example, where the service is an e-mailservice, notification of receipt of a message may temporarily substitutefor the normal audio label of the service).

[0078] As regards the full service feed of any particular service, thisis not output from subsystem 13 until that service is chosen by the userby input to output selection block 12.

[0079] Rather than the services to be represented in the audio interfacebeing selected by block 17 from those currently found to be available, aset of services to be presented can be pre-specified and the relatedsound-source data (including audio labels) for these services stored inmemory 14 along with service identification and access data. In thiscase, when the apparatus is in its “desktop” mode, the services in thepre-specified set of services are represented in the output audio fieldby the stored audio labels without any need to first contact theservices concerned; upon a user selecting a service and the apparatuschanging to its service mode, the service access data for the selectedservice is used to contact that service for a full service feed.

[0080] With respect to the positioning of the service-representing soundsources in the audio field when the apparatus is in its desktop mode,each service may provide position information either indicating asuggested spatialised position in the audio field for the soundsource(s) through which the service is to be represented, or giving areal-world location associated with the service (this may well be thecase in respect of an augmented reality service associated with alocation in the vicinity of the user). Where a set of services ispre-specified, then this position information can be stored in memory 14along with the audio labels for the services concerned.

[0081] For each service-representing sound source, it is necessary todetermine its final rendering position in the output audio field takingaccount of a number of factors. This is done by injecting a sound-sourcedata item into a processing path involving elements 21 to 30. Thissound-source data item comprises a sound source ID (such as the relatedsuffixed service ID) for the sound source concerned, anyservice-supplied position information for the sound source, and possiblyalso the service type (general service/augmentation service). Thesubsystem 13 passes each sound-source data item to a source-positionset/modify block 23 where the position of the sound source is decidedrelative to the audio-field reference vector, either automatically onthe basis of the supplied type and/or position information, or from userinput 24 provided through any suitable input device including a keypad,keyboard, voice recognition unit, or interactive display. Thesepositions are constrained to conform to the desired form (spherical orpart spherical; 1D, 2D, or 3D) of the audio field. The decided positionfor each source is then temporarily stored in memory 25 against thesource ID.

[0082] Provision of a user input device for modifying the position ofeach sound source relative to the audio field reference, enables theuser to modify the layout of the service-representing sound sources(that is, the dispositions of these sound sources relative to eachother) as desired.

[0083] With respect to a service having an associated real-worldlocation (typically, an augmented reality service), whilst it ispossible to position the corresponding sound source in the audio fieldindependently of the relationship between the associated real-worldlocation of the service and the location of the user, it will often bedesired to place the sound source in the field at a position determinedby the associated real-world location and, in particular, in a positionsuch that it lies in the same direction relative to the user as theassociated real-world location. In this latter case, the audio fieldwill generally be world-stabilised to maintain the directional validityof the sound source in the audio field presented to the user; for thesame reason, user-commanded rotation of the audio field should beavoided or inhibited. Positioning a sound source according to anassociated real-world location is achieved in the present apparatus by areal-world location processing functional block 21 that forms part ofthe source-position set/modify block 23. The real-world locationprocessing functional block 21 is arranged to receive and storereal-world locations passed to it from subsystem 13, these locationsbeing stored against the corresponding source IDs. Block 21 is alsosupplied on input 22 with the current location of the user determined byany suitable means such as a GPS system carried by the user, or nearbylocation beacons (such as maybe provided at point-of-sale locations).The block 21 first determines whether the real-world location associatedwith a service is close enough to the user to qualify the correspondingsound source for inclusion in the audio field; if this test is passed,the azimuth and elevation coordinates of the sound source are set toplace the sound source in the audio field in a direction as perceived bythe user corresponding to the direction of the real world location fromthe user. This requires knowledge of the real-world direction ofpointing of the un-rotated audio-field reference vector 42 (which, asnoted above, is also the direction of pointing of the presentationreference vector). This can be derived for example, by providing a smallelectronic compass on a structure carrying the audio output devices 11,since this enables the real-world direction of pointing of presentationreference vector 44 to be measured; by noting the rotation angle of theaudio-field reference vector 42 at the moment the real-world directionof pointing of vector 44 is measured, it is then possible to derive thereal-world direction of pointing of the audio-field reference vector 42(assuming that the audio field is being world-stabilised). It maybenoted that not only will there normally be a structure carrying theaudio output devices 11 when these are constituted by headphones, butthis is also the case in any mobile situation (for example, in avehicle) where loudspeakers are involved.

[0084] If the audio field is a 3D field, then as well as setting theazimuth and elevation coordinates of the sound source to position it inthe same direction as the associated real-world location, block 21 alsosets a range coordinate value to represent the real world distancebetween the user and the real-world location associated with the soundsource.

[0085] Of course, as the user moves in space, the block 21 mustreprocess its stored real-world location information to update theposition of the corresponding sound sources in the audio field.Similarly, if updated real-world location information is received from aservice, then the positioning of the sound source in the audio fieldmust also be updated.

[0086] Returning to a general consideration of the FIG. 1 apparatus, anaudio-field orientation modify block 26 is used to specify any requiredchanges in orientation (angular offset) of the audio-field referencevector relative to presentation reference vector. In the present examplewhere the audio field is to be body-stabilized and the output audiodevices are headphones, the apparatus includes the afore-mentioned headtracker sensor 33 and this sensor is arranged to provide a measure ofthe turning of a user's head relative to their body to a first input 27of the block 26. This measure is combined with any user-commanded fieldrotation supplied to a second input of block 26 in order to derive afield orientation angle that is stored in memory 29.

[0087] As already noted, where headphones are used and the audio fieldis to be world stabilised (for example, where augmented-reality servicesound sources are to be maintained in positions in the field consistentwith their real world positions relative to the user), then thehead-tracker sensor needs to detect any change in orientation of theuser's head relative to the real world so that the audio field can begiven a counter rotation. Where the user is travelling in a vehicle andthe audio field is to be vehicle-stabilised, the rotation of the user'shead is measured relative to the vehicle (the user's “local” world, asalready noted).

[0088] Each source position stored in memory 25 is combined by combiner30 with the field orientation (rotation) angle stored in memory 29 toderive a rendering position for the sound source, this renderingposition being stored, along with the source ID, in memory 15. Thecombiner operates continuously and cyclically to refresh the renderingpositions in memory 15.

[0089] Output selection block 12 sets the current apparatus modeaccording to user input, the available modes being a desktop mode and aservice mode as already discussed above. When the desktop mode is set,the spatialisation processor 10 accesses the rendering position memory15 and the memory 14 holding the service audio labels to generate anaudio field, via audio output devices 11, in which the (or thecurrently-specified) audio label associated with each sound source isspatialized to a position set by the corresponding rendering position inmemory 15. In generating the audio-label field, the processor 10 canfunction asynchronously with respect to the combiner 30 due to theprovision of memory 15. The spatialisation processor 10 operatesaccording to any appropriate sound spatialisation method, includingthose mentioned in the introduction to the present specification. Thespatialisation processor 10 and audio output devices together form arendering subsystem serving to render each sound source at its derivedfinal rendering position.

[0090] When the service mode is set, the full service audio feed for thechosen service is rendered by the spatialisation processor 10 accordingto whatever position information is provided by the service. It will beappreciated that, although not depicted, this service positioninformation can be combined with the field orientation angle informationstored in memory 29 to achieve the same stabilization as for theaudio-field containing the service audio labels; however, this is notessential and, indeed, the inherent stabilization of the audio outputdevices (head-stabilised in the case of headphones) maybe moreappropriate for the full service mode.

[0091] As an alternative to the full service feed being spatialised bythe spatialisation processor 10, the full service feed may be providedas pre-spatialized audio signals and fed directly to the audio outputdevices.

[0092] With the FIG. 1 apparatus set to provide a body-stabilised audiofield through headphones, the user can explore the audio field in twoways, namely by turning their head and by rotating the audio field. FIG.4 illustrates a user turning their head to explore a 2D audio fieldrestricted to occupy part only of a spherical surface. In this case, sixspatialised sound sources 40 are depicted. Of these sources, one source40A is positioned in the audio field at an azimuth angle of X₁° andelevation angle Y₁° relative to the audio-field reference vector 42. Theuser has not commanded any explicit rotation of the audio field.However, the user has turned their head through an angle X₂° towards thesource 40A. In order to maintain body-stabilisation of the audio field,the audio-field reference vector 42 has been automatically rotated anangle (−X₂°) relative to the presentation reference vector 44 to bringthe vector 42 back in line with the user's body straight aheaddirection; the rendering position of the source relative to thepresentation reference vector is therefore:

[0093] Azimuth=X₁−X₂°

[0094] Elevation=Y₁°

[0095] this being the position output by combiner 30 and stored inmemory 15. The result is that turning of the user's head does indeedhave the effect of turning towards the sound source 40A.

[0096]FIG. 5 illustrates, for the same audio field as represented inFIG. 4, how the user can bring the sound source 40A to a positiondirectly ahead of the user by commanding a rotation of (−X₁°) of theaudio field by user input 28 to block 26 (effected, for example, by arotary input device). The azimuth rendering position of the sound source40A becomes (X₁°−X₁°), that is, 0°—the source 40A is therefore renderedin line with the presentation reference vector 44. Of course, if theuser turns their head, the source 40A will cease to be directly in frontof the user until the user faces ahead again.

[0097] Audio Field Organisation—Cylindrical Field Example

[0098] The FIG. 1 apparatus can be adapted to spatialize the soundsources 40 in an audio field conforming to the surface of avertically-orientated cylinder (or part thereof). FIG. 6 depicts ageneral case where the audio field conforms to a notional cylindricalsurface 50. This cylindrical audio field, like the spherical audio fieldpreviously described with reference to FIG. 2, is two dimensionalinasmuch as the position of a sound source 40 in the field it can bespecified by two coordinates, namely an azimuth angle X° and anelevation (height) distance Y, both measured relative to an horizontalaudio-field reference vector 52. It will be appreciated that a 3D audiofield can be specified by adding a range coordinate Z, this being thedistance from the axis of the cylindrical audio field. As with thespherical audio field described above, the cylindrical audio field maybe rotated (angularly offset by angle R°) relative to a presentationreference vector 54, this being done either in response to a direct usercommand or to achieve a particular field stabilisation in the samemanner as already described above for the spherical audio field. Inaddition, the audio field can be axially displaced to change the height(axial offset) of the audio-field reference vector 52 relative to thepresentation reference vector 54.

[0099] Since it is possible to accommodate any desired number of soundsources in the audio field without over crowding simply by extending theelevation axis, there is a real risk of a “Tower of Babel” being createdif all sound sources are active together. Accordingly, the general modelof FIG. 6 employs a concept of a focus zone 55 which is a zone of thecylindrical audio field bounded by upper and lower elevation valuesdetermined by a currently commanded height H so as to keep the focuszone fixed relative to the assumed user position (the origin of thepresentation reference vector); within the focus zone, the sound sources40 are active, whilst outside the zone the sources 40 are muted(depicted by dashing of the hexagon outline of these sources in FIG. 6)except for a limited audio leakage 56. In FIG. 6, the focus zone (whichis hatched) extends by an amount C above and below the commanded heightH (and thus has upper and lower elevation values of (H+C) and (H−C)respectively. In the illustrated example, H=0 and C is a constant; Cneed not be constant and it would be possible, for example, to make itsvalue dependent on the value of the commanded height H.

[0100] The general form of cylindrical audio field shown in FIG. 6 canbe implemented in a variety of ways with respect to how leakage into thefocus zone is effected and how a user moves up and down the cylindricalfield (that is, changes the commanded height and thus the current focuszone). FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate two possible implementations in the casewhere the audio field is of semi-cylindrical form (azimuth range from+90° to −90°).

[0101] In FIG. 7, leakage takes the form of the low-volume presence ofsound sources 40W in upper and lower “whisper” zones 56, 57 positionedadjacent the focus zone 55. Also, the commanded height value iscontinuously variable (as opposed to being variable in steps). Theresult is that the user can effectively slide up and down the cylinderand hear both the sound sources 40 in the focus zone and, at a lowervolume, sound sources 40W in the whisper zones.

[0102] In FIG. 8, the service sound sources are organised to lie at anumber of discrete heights, in this case, four possible heightseffectively corresponding to four “floors” here labelled “1” to “4”.Preferably, each “floor” contains sound sources associated with servicesall of the same type with different floors being associated withdifferent service types. The user can only command step changes inheight corresponding to moving from floor to floor (the extent of thefocus zone encompassing one floor). Leakage takes the form of an upperand lower advisory sound source 60, 61 respectively positioned justabove and just below the focus zone at an azimuth angle of 0°. Each ofthese advisory sound sources 60, 61 provides a summary of the services(for example, in terms of service types) available respectively aboveand below the current focus zone. This permits a user to determinewhether they need to go up or down to find a desired service.

[0103] It will be appreciated that the forms of leakage used in FIGS. 7and 8 can be interchanged or combined and that the FIG. 8 embodiment canprovide for sound sources 40 on the same floor to reside at differentheights on that floor. It is also possible to provide each floor of theFIG. 8 embodiment with a characteristic audio theme which rather thanbeing associated with a particular source (which is, of course,possible) is arranged to surround the user with no directionality; byway of example, a floor containing museum services could have aclassical music theme.

[0104] In arranging for the FIG. 1 apparatus to implement a cylindricalaudio field such as depicted in any of FIGS. 4-6, the positions set forthe sound sources by block 23 are specified in terms of the describedcylindrical coordinate system and are chosen to conform to a cylindricalor part-cylindrical organisation in 1, 2, or 3D as required. Theorientation and vertical positioning of the audio field reference vector42 are set by block 26, also in terms of the cylindrical coordinatesystem. Similarly, combiner 30 is arranged to generate the sound-sourcerendering positions in terms of cylindrical coordinates. Thespatialisation processor must therefore either be arranged to understandthis coordinate system or the rendering positions must be converted to acoordinate system understood by the spatialisation processor 10 beforethey are passed to the processor. This latter approach is preferred andthus, in the present case, assuming that the spatialisation processor isarranged to operate in terms of the spherical coordinate systemillustrated in FIG. 2, a converter 66 (see FIG. 9) is provided upstreamof memory 15 to convert the rendering positions from cylindricalcoordinates to spherical coordinates.

[0105] Whilst it would be possible to use a single coordinate systemthroughout the apparatus regardless of the form of audio field to beproduced (for example, the positions of the sound sources in thecylindrical audio field could be specified in spherical coordinates),this complicates the processing because with an appropriately chosencoordinate system most operations are simple additions or subtractionsapplied independently to the individual coordinates values of the soundsources; in contrast, if, for example, a spherical coordinate system isused to specify the positions in a cylindrical field, then commandedchanges in the field height (discussed further below) can no longersimply be added/subtracted to the sound source positions to derive theirrendering heights but instead involve more complex processing affectingboth elevation angle and range. Indeed, by appropriate choice ofcoordinate system for different forms of audio field, equivalentoperations with respect to the fields translate to the same operations(generally add/subtract) on the coordinate values being used so that theoperation of the elements 25, 26, 29 and 30 of the apparatus isunchanged. In this case, adapting the apparatus to a change inaudio-field form, simple requires the block 23 to use an appropriatecoordinate system and for converter 66 to be set to convert from thatcoordinate system to that used by the spatialisation processor 10.

[0106] With respect to adaptation of the FIG. 1 apparatus to provide therequired capability of commanding changes in height for the cylindricalaudio field systems illustrated in FIGS. 4-6, such height changescorrespond to the commanding of changes in the elevation angle alreadydescribed for the case of a spherical audio field. Thus, a height changecommand is supplied to the block 26 to set a field height value (anaxial offset between the field reference vector and the presentationreference vector) which is then combined with the elevation distancevalue Y of each sound source to derive the elevation value for therendering position of the source.

[0107] As regards how the focus zone and leakage features areimplemented, FIG. 9 depicts a suitable variation of the FIG. 1 apparatusfor providing these features. In particular, a source parameterset/modify block 70 is interposed between the output of combiner 30 andthe converter 66. This block 70 comprises one or more units for settingand/or modifying one or more parameters associated with each soundsource to condition how the sound source is to be presented in the audiofield. As will be seen hereinafter with respect to the FIG. 10apparatus, the block 70 can include a range of different type of unitsthat may modify the rendering position of a source and/or set varioussounding effect parameters for the source. In the present case, theblock 70 comprises a cylindrical filter 71 that sets a audibility(volume level) sounding-effect parameter for each sound source. The setparameter value is passed to memory 15 for storage along with the sourceID and rendering position. When the spatialisation processor comes torender the sound source audio label according to the position andaudibility parameter value stored in memory 15, it passes the audibilityvalue to a sounding effector 74 that conditions the audio labelappropriately (in this case, sets its volume level). In the case of theFIG. 7 arrangement, the cylinder filter 71 is responsive to the currentfield height value (as supplied from memory 29 to a reference input 72of block 70) to set the audibility parameter value of each sound source:to 100% (no volume level reduction) for sound sources in the focus zone55; to 50% for sound sources in the “whisper” zones 56 and 57; and to 0%(zero volume) for all other sound sources. As a result, the soundingeffector 74 mutes out all sound sources not in the focus or whisperzones, and reduces the volume level of sound sources in the whisperzones.

[0108] In the case of the FIG. 8 arrangement, the cylinder filter 71performs a similar function except that now there are no whisper zones.As regards the upper and lower advisory sound sources 60 and 61, thesubsystem 13 effectively creates these sources by:

[0109] creating a ghost advisory service in memory 14 with two soundsources, the IDs of these sources being passed to block 23 as for anyother service;

[0110] creating for each sound source a respective set of summary audiolabels, each set being stored in memory 14 and specifying for each flooran appropriate label summarising the service types either above or belowthe current floor, depending on the set concerned.

[0111] The source IDs passed to the block 23 are there associated withnull position data before being passed on via memory 25 and combiner 30to arrive at the cylinder filter 71 of block 70. The filter 71recognises the source IDs as upper and lower advisory sound source IDsand appropriately sets position data for them as well as setting theaudibility parameter to 100% and setting a parameter specifying whichsummary audio label is appropriate for the current floor. This enablesthe spatialisation processor to retrieve the appropriate audio labelwhen it comes to render the upper or lower advisory sound source.

[0112] It will be appreciated that partially or fully muting soundsources outside of a focus zone can also be done where the apparatus isset to generate a spherical audio field. In this case, the apparatusincludes blocks 70 and 74 but now the cylinder filter 71 is replaced bya “spherical filter” muting out all sound sources beyond a specifiedangular distance from a current facing direction of the user. Thecurrent facing direction relative to the presentation reference vectoris derived by block 26 and supplied to the filter 71. It maybe notedthat in the case where the audio output devices 11 are constituted byheadphones, the direction of facing of the user corresponds to thepresentation reference vector so it is a simple matter to determinewhich sound sources have rendering positions that are more than a givenangular displacement from the facing direction. Along with theimplementation of a focus zone for a spherical audio field, it is, ofcourse, also possible to provide the described implementations of aleakage feature.

[0113] Multiple Audio Sub-Fields

[0114]FIG. 10 shows a second apparatus for producing an audio field toserve as an audio interface to services. This apparatus is similar tothe FIG. 9 variant of the first apparatus but provides for multipleaudio “sub-fields” and has a variety of sound-source parameterconditioning units for facilitating a clear audio presentation. Elementsof the first and second apparatus that have similar functionality havebeen given the same reference numerals and their description will not berepeated below for the second apparatus except where there ismodification of functionality to accommodate features of the secondapparatus.

[0115] The second apparatus, like the first apparatus, is capable ofproducing (part) spherical or part (cylindrical) 1D, 2D or 3D audiofields (or, indeed, any other form of audio field) according to thepositions set for the sound sources by block 23.

[0116] As mentioned, the FIG. 10 apparatus provides for multiple“sub-fields”. Each sub-field may be considered as an independent audiofield that can be rotated (and, in the case of a cylindrical field,vertically re-positioned) by changing the offset between thepresentation reference vector and an audio-field reference specific tothe sub-field. Further, each sub-field can have a differentstabilization set for it—thus, for example, sound sources representinggeneral services can be assigned to a head-stabilised sub-field whilstsound sources representing augmented-reality services can be assigned toa world-stabilised sub-field. The rotation/displacement of eachsub-field and the setting of its stabilization is done by block 26 withthe resultant values being stored in memory 29. Whether or not the block26 modifies the azimuth-angle value of a sub-field to reflect a sensedrotation of the user's head will thus depend on the stabilization setfor the sub-field and, as already described, on whether the audio outputdevices are head-mounted, body-mounted, vehicle-mounted or fixed withrespect to the world (or, in other words, whether the presentationreference vector is head, body, vehicle or world stabilised). To addflexibility to the FIG. 10 apparatus, the current stabilisation of thepresentation reference vector is fed to the block (see arrow) to enablethe latter to make any appropriate changes to the sub-field orientationsas the user turns (and/or nods) their head.

[0117] Each service sound source is assigned by block 23 to a particularsub-field and an identifier of its assigned sub-field is stored with thesource ID in memory 25 along with the position of the sound sourcerelative to the audio-field reference associated with the assignedsub-field. The combiner 30 is supplied from memory 29 with therotation/displacement values of each sub-field and for each servicesound source combines the values of the related sub-field with thesound-source coordinate values; as a result, each sound source isimparted the rotations/displacements experienced by its sub-field. Foreach service sound source, the output of the combiner comprises sourceID, position data, and sub-field identifier.

[0118] As will be seen below, assigning sound sources to differentsub-fields may be done for reasons other than giving them differentstabilizations; for example, it may be done to identify a group ofservice sound sources that are to be subject to a particularsource-parameter modification process in block 70.

[0119] It should also be noted that different sub-fields may havedifferent dimensions and even different forms so that one sub-fieldcould be a 2D spherical surface whilst another sub-field could be of 3Dcylindrical form.

[0120] Facilitating Clear Presentation

[0121] As well as the cylindrical filter 71, the source parameterset/modify block 70 includes a number of sound-source parameterconditioning units 80 to 85 for facilitating a clear audio presentation.The function of each of these units will be described more fully below.It is to be understood that the units need not all be present oroperational together and various combinations of one or more units beingconcurrently active are possible; however, not all combinations areappropriate but this is a matter easilyjudged and will not beexhaustively detailed below. Also, certain units may need to effecttheir processing before others (for example, units that affect the finalrendering position of a sound source need to effect their processingbefore units that set sounding effect parameters in dependence on thefinal rendering position of a sound source); again, it will generally beapparent when such ordering issues are present and what ordering of theunits is required to resolve such issues and an exhaustive treatment ofthese matters will not be given below.

[0122] Unit 80 is a focus expander that serves to modify the renderingpositions of the sound sources to spread out the sound sources (that is,expand or dilate the audio field) in azimuth in the region of thecurrent direction of facing of the user (or other appropriate direction)in order to facilitate discrimination between sound sources. Referringto FIG. 11, this shows a field of 180° extent in azimuth with the usercurrently facing in the direction of the audio-field reference vector90. The focus expander 80 operates to linearly expand the 15° segments92 on both sides of the facing direction 91 into respective 45° segments93 (see the hatched zones). The remaining segments are correspondinglycompressed to maintain an overall 180° azimuth range—in this case, thisresults in two 750 segments 94 being compressed into respective 45°segments 95; as an alternative (not illustrated), the remaining segmentscould simply be angularly displaced from their normal positions withoutcompressing them.

[0123] For sub-fields that are head-stabilised, turning of the user'shead does not change the 15° segments subject to expansion; however,azimuth rotation of such a sub-field does result in the expansion beingapplied to different segments of the sub-field.

[0124] For sub-fields that are not head-stabilised, as the user turnstheir head, the segments subject to expansion change. This isillustrated in FIG. 12 where a user has turned to the right 75° relativeto the audio-field reference vector of a body-stabilised audio sub-fieldwith an initial ±90° range either side of the reference vector. Thisresults in the most clockwise 30° of the original field (segments 92)being expanded (symmetrically with respect to the facing direction) sothat now the audio sub-field extends round further in the clockwisedirection than before. The remaining 150° segment 97 of the originalaudio sub-field is expanded into a 90° segment 98.

[0125] In order for the focus expander 80 to effect the requiredprocessing of the azimuth rendering positions of the sound sources, itis supplied (input 78 to block 70) with the angle of the facingdirection relative to the current presentation reference vector, thisangle being determined by the block 26 in dependence on the currentstabilization of the presentation reference vector and the sensed headrotation. Of course, where the presentation reference vector ishead-stabilized (i.e. headphones are being used), the angle between thefacing direction and the presentation reference vector will be zero; inother cases it will generally correspond to the angle measured by thehead-tracker sensor 33. Given the facing direction angle relative to thepresentation reference vector, and bearing in mind that the sound-sourcepositions supplied to block 70 are relative to that vector, it is astraightforward matter for the focus expander 80 to determine whichsound sources lie within the segments 92 and then make the requiredchanges to the azimuth values of the sound-source rendering positions ofthese sources in order to achieve the desired audio-field dilation;similarly, the rendering positions of the other sound sources areadjusted as required.

[0126] It will be appreciated that the user can be enabled to turn thefocus expander 80 on and off as desired. It is also possible to arrangefor the focus expander to be applied only to one or more selectedsub-fields rather than to all fields indiscriminately. Furthermore,whilst the focus expander has been described above as operating onazimuth angles, it could additionally or alternatively be caused to acton the elevation coordinate values (whether angles or distances) and/orrange coordinates. Again, whilst the expansion has been described aboveas being uniform (linear), it could be applied in a non-linear mannersuch that a larger expansion is applied adjacent the facing directionthan further away. The angle of application of the expansion effect canalso be made adjustable.

[0127] Rather than the focus expander 80 expanding a region of the audiofield set relative to the current facing direction, the focus expandercan be arranged to expand a region set relative to some other direction(the ‘focus reference direction’), such as a specific world-stabiliseddirection or the presentation reference vector. In this case, the focusexpander is provided with appropriate information from block 26 toenable it to determine the relative offset between the focus referencedirection and the presentation reference vector (this offset being, ofcourse, zero if the focus reference direction is set to be thepresentation reference vector).

[0128] Arrow 79 in FIG. 10 generally represents user input to block 70whether for controlling the focus expander 80 or any other of the unitsof the block. How the user input is derived is an implementation detailand may, for example, be done by selection buttons, a graphical userinterface, or voice command input subsystem.

[0129] Unit 81 of the source-parameter set/modify block 70 is a segmentmuting filter 81 that is operative to change the audibility state ofsound sources in user-specified segments of one, some or all the audiosub-fields (a default of all sub-fields is preferably set in the filter81 with the possibility of the user changing this default). Inparticular, the segment muting filter changes the audibility state ofsegment sound sources (in either direction) between un-muted and atleast partially muted by appropriately setting the value of anaudibility (sound volume) parameter of the sound sources. FIG. 13illustrates the effect of the segment muting filter in respect of anaudio sub-field, of 180° azimuth extent, shown developed into arectangular form 100 and with spatialised sound sources 40. In thisexample, the audio field is divided into five segments relative to theaudio-field reference vector, namely:

[0130] an “ahead” segment 101 extending in azimuth from +30° to −30°;

[0131] a “left” segment 102 extending in azimuth from −30° to −60°;

[0132] a “far left” segment 103 extending in azimuth from −60° to −90°;

[0133] a “right” segment 104 extending in azimuth from +30° to +60°;

[0134] a “far right” segment 105 extending in azimuth from +60° to +90°.

[0135] The filter 81 acts to change the audibility parameter of eachsound source in a segment back and forth between 100% and 0% (or apreset low level) in response to user input. Preferably, speech forminput is possible so that to mute sound sources in segment 102, the userneed only say “Mute Left” (FIG. 13 depicts these sounds sources as mutedby showing them in dashed outline). To bring back these sound sources tofull volume, the user says “Un-Mute Left”. As already described withrespect to the cylindrical filter 71, the sound volume specified by theaudibility parameter is implemented by sounding effector 74, theeffector being passed the parameter when the spatialisation processor 10requests to be supplied with the sound label for the sound sourceconcerned.

[0136] Preferably, the segments can be muted and un-muted independentlyof each other. An alternative is to arrange for only one segment to bemuted at a time with the selection for muting of a segment automaticallyun-muting any previously muted segment; the opposite is also possiblewith only one segment being un-muted at a time, the un-muting of asegment causing any previously un-muted segment to be muted. It is alsopossible to arrange for several segments to be muted simultaneously inresponse to a single command—for example, both the “left” and “far left”segments 102, 103 in FIG. 13 could be arranged to be muted in responseto a user command of “Mute All Left”.

[0137] The segments are pre-specified in terms of their azimuth angularextent relative to the audio-field reference vectors by segmentationdata stored in the segment muting filter or elsewhere. In order for thesegment muting filter to mute the sound sources corresponding to asegment to be muted, the filter needs to know the current azimuth anglebetween the audio field reference vectors and the presentation referencevector since the sound-source azimuth angles provided to the filter arerelative to the latter vector. The required angles between theaudio-field and presentation reference vectors is supplied on input 76from block 26 to block 70.

[0138] As an alternative to the segments being specified relative to theaudio-field reference vectors, the segments can be specified relative tothe facing direction of the user (which may, in fact, be more natural).In this case, the segment muting filter needs to know the angle betweenthe current facing direction and the presentation reference vector; asalready described, this angle is provided on input 78 to block 70. Afurther alternative is to pre-specify the segments relative to thepresentation reference vector (which, of course, for headphones is thesame as specifying the segments relative to the user's facingdirection).

[0139] Whilst segment muting has been described using segmentation inazimuth, it will be appreciated that the segmentation can be effected inany appropriate manner (for example, in azimuth and elevation incombination) and the term ‘segment’ is herein used without anyconnotation regarding the form or shape encompassed.

[0140] Rather than a segment remaining muted until commanded to returnto its un-muted state, a muted segment can be arranged only to staymuted for a limited period and then to automatically revert to beingun-muted.

[0141] Unit 82 is a cyclic muting filter. As depicted in FIG. 14 (whichuses the same field development as FIG. 13), this filter 82 works on thebasis that the sound sources 40 are divided into groups 110 to 114 andthe filter 82 operates cyclically to change the audibility state of thesound sources so as to at least partially mute out all but one group ofsources in turn—in FIG. 14, all groups except group 111 are currentlymuted. The un-muted group remains un-muted, for example, for 10 secondsbefore being muted (partially or fully) again. As with the segmentmuting filter, the filter 82 operates by setting the value of anaudibility parameter of each sound source. Rather than requiring a groupID to be assigned to each sound source and transferred along with thesound-source ID, position data, and sub-field identifier to the block70, grouping can be achieved by assigning a separate sub-field for eachgroup.

[0142] The grouping of sound sources can be effected automatically byservice type (or more generally, one or more characteristics associatedwith the item represented by the sound source concerned). Alternatively,the grouping of the sound sources can be effected automaticallyaccording to their positions in the audio field (possibly taking accounttheir relation to the presentation reference vector, the audio fieldreference vectors, or user direction of facing). A further possibilityis for the grouping to be user specified (via block 23). In one possiblegrouping arrangement, each sound source is assigned to a respectivegroup resulting in each sound source being un-muted in turn. Preferably,the user can also specify that one or more groups are not subject tocyclic muting. Additionally, the user can be given the option of settingthe un-muted duration for each group.

[0143] As already indicated, muted groups need not be fully muted. Wherethe sound sources are assigned to groups according to their positions, apossible muting pattern would be to fully mute sound sources in groupslying either side of the currently un-muted group of sources, and topartially mute the sound sources of all other groups.

[0144] Rather than the un-muting and muting of the groups being effectedin an abrupt manner, the group whose limited period of being un-muted isending can be cross-faded with the group whose period of being un-mutedis next to occur.

[0145] Unit 82 is a collection collapser the basic purpose of which isto respond to a predetermined user command to collapse all sound sourcesthat are members of a specified collection of sound sources to a singlecollection-representing sound source at a particular location (which canbe head, body, vehicle or world stabilised). The member sound sources ofthe collection can be identified by a specific tag associated with eachsound source ID; however, it is convenient to assign all sound sourcesto be collapsed to the same sub-field and simply rely on the sub-fieldID to identify these sources to the block 70.

[0146]FIG. 15 illustrates the general effect of the collection collapser82 for a situation where all augmented-reality sound sources 40[AR] aremembers of the same collection and have been assigned to the sameworld-stabilised sub-field; these augmented-reality sound sources arearranged to be collapsed to a single collection-representing soundsource 120 positioned at the top center of the audio sub-field. Otherpositions for the source 120 are, of course, possible such as in linewith the current direction of facing or the location of a particular oneof the sound sources being collapsed.

[0147] The collection collapser is further arranged to reverse thecollapsing upon receipt of a suitable user command. Thecollection-representing sound source 120 will generally not be presentwhen the member sound sources of the collection are un-collapsed thoughit is possible to leave the collection-representing sound sourceun-muted to serve, for example, as notification channel to inform theuser of events relevant to the collection as a whole.

[0148] In a typical implementation, the collection-representing soundsource is created by the subsystem 13 and is given an ID that indicatesits special role; this sound source is then assigned to the samesub-field as the collection member sound sources to be collapsed. Thecollection-representing sound source is also given its own audio labelstored in memory 14 with this label being arranged to be temporarilysubstituted for by any notifications generated in relation to thecollection member sound sources (each sound source is also arranged tohave its normal label temporarily replaced by any notification relatedto that source). Whilst the collection member sound sources are notcollapsed, the audibility parameters of these sound sources remain at100% but the collection-representing sound source has its audibilityparameter set to 0% by the collection collapser. However, when thecollection collapser 83 is triggered to collapse the collection membersound sources, these sources have their audibility parameters set to 0%whilst that of the collection-representing source is set to 100% therebyreplacing the collapsed sources with a single sound source emitting thecorresponding audio label (potentially periodically interrupted bynotifications from the services associated with the collapsed sources).On user command, the collapsed sound sources are un-muted and thecollection-representing sound source muted, thereby restoring thecollection to its un-collapsed state.

[0149] Rather than the collection changing from its un-collapsed stateto its collapsed state in response to user command, the collectioncollapser can be arranged to effect this change automatically—forexample, if there has been no activity in respect of any member soundsource (user service request/service-originating event notification) fora predetermined period of time, then the collection collapser can bearranged to automatically put the collection in its collapsed state.Similarly, the collection collapser can automatically un-collapse thecollection in response, for example, to the receipt of more than athreshold number of service event notifications within a given time, orupon the user entering a particular environment (in the case of a mobileuser provided with means for detecting the user's environment either bylocation or in some other manner).

[0150] To provide clear feedback to the user as to what is occurringwhen the collection is being collapsed and un-collapsed, the collectioncollapser is preferably arranged to change the collection between itstwo states non-instantaneously and with the accompaniment of appropriateaudible effects. For example, during collapse, thecollection-representing sound source can be faded up as thecollection-member sound sources are faded out. This can be accompaniedby a sound such as a sucking in sound to indicate that the member soundsources are notionally being absorbed into the collection-representingsound source. Alternatively, the locations of the member sound sourcescan be moved over a second or two to the location of thecollection-representing sound source. The reverse effects can beimplemented when the collection is un-collapsed.

[0151] It may in certain circumstances to have more than onecollection-representing sound source associated with a collection.

[0152] As regards the non-collection sound sources (if any) in the audiofield, these are typically left un-disturbed by changes in the state ofthe collection. However, it would alternatively be possible to arrangefor such sound sources to be modified to adapt to the presence orabsence of the collection member sound sources. For example, uponun-collapsing of the collection, the location of any sound source closeto where a member sound source appears in the audio field can be changedto ensure a minimum separation of sound sources. As another example,upon un-collapsing of the collection the other sound sources can bepartially muted, at least temporarily.

[0153] It will be appreciated that the collection collapser providesmore than just a way of opening an audio menu where the member soundsources represent menu list items; in particular, the distribution ofthe collection member sound sources in the un-collapsed collection isnot constrained to that of a list but is determined by otherconsiderations (for example, where the sound sources represent augmentedreality services, by the real-world locations of these services).

[0154] Unit 84 is a sub-field sound setter intended to set a soundingeffect parameter in respect of sound sources of a particular sub-fieldor sub-fields. The sound setter is operative to set a particularsounding effect parameter as either on or off for each sound source,whilst the sounding effector 74 is arranged to apply the correspondingsound effect to all sound sources for which the parameter is set to on.Preferably, as default, when the sound setter is enabled the soundsources of all sub-fields have the related sounding effect parameter setto on; however, the user can de-select one or more sub-fields for thistreatment, as desired. In fact, multiple different sound setters 84 canbe provided, each associated with a different sound effect. Typicalsound effects are volume or pitch modulation, frequency shifting,distortion (such as bandwidth limiting or muffling), echo, addition ofnoise or other distinctive sounds, etc.

[0155] One reason to employ the sound setter 84 is to make it easy todistinguish one type of service from another or to distinguish thesynthesised sound sources from real sound sources in the environment. Inthis latter case, the audio output devices are, of course, configured topermit the user to hear both real-world sounds as well as thesynthesised sounds.

[0156] The user is preferably enabled to choose, via appropriate inputmeans, what sound effect is to be used to make the synthesised soundsdistinct; advantageously, the user can also choose to apply or removethe selected sound effect.

[0157] In fact, another way of distinguishing between one group ofsounds and another (such as real and synthesised sounds) is by way ofspecifying a particular stabilization for a sub-field(s) containing oneof the group of sound sources to be distinguished. Thus, audio labelsfor augmented-reality services can be distinguished from real worldsounds by assigning the audio-label sound sources to a head-stabilisedfield so that they move relative to the real world as the user turnstheir head. As another example, the audio labels of general servicescould be assigned to a head-stabilised sub-field and the audio labels ofaugmented-reality services to a world-stabilised sub-field. As arefinement to always applying the same stabilization to a particularsub-field, the block 26 can be arranged to apply a stabilization schemein which the sub-field is only updated periodically to a specifiedunderlying stabilization, no account being taken between updates of anychanges in orientation of the user's body or head (thereby automaticallyapplying the stabilization associated with the presentation referencevector between updates).

[0158] Unit 85 is a range sound setter and is applicable only where anaudio sub-field has depth (that is, the range parameter can be differentfor different sound sources of the sub-field). The range sound setter,when enabled in respect of a sub-field, is operative, for eachsound-source in the sub-field, to set a sound source parameter accordingto the range of the sound source. The purpose of doing this is to impartan audible characteristic to the sound source that indicates to the userat least a general range of the sound source. This parameter could, forexample, be the audibility parameter with the value of this parameterbeing set such that sound sources at a greater range are presented at alower volume. However, in a preferred embodiment, the value of theparameter controlled by unit 85 is used to select which audio label torender from a set of audio labels associated with a sound source, eachlabel having a different presentation character at least one aspect ofwhich, other than or additional to loudness, differs between labels.This aspect is, for example, speaking style, vocabulary, speaker voice,etc. The mere change in a range value included in an announcement is notconsidered to be a change in the presentation character of theannouncement.

[0159] The user can readily learn to associate the differingpresentation characters with particular range bands. FIG. 16 illustratesan example concerning a sound source for an augmented-realitynotification service from the user's local newspaper shop; this servicesound source has three associated audio labels, stored for it in memory14, of increasing familiarity the closer the sound source is to theuser: Audio label Range >Z2 “Excuse me Sir, would you like yournewspaper?” extent Z1-Z2 “Hello Mr Smith, your newspaper” 0-Z1 Hi, John.Paper!”

[0160] The unit 85 sets a label-selection parameter for the sound sourceaccording to its range and the relevant label is then used by thespatialisation processor 10. Assuming that the newspaper notificationservice has indicated the real-world location of the newspaper shop tothe apparatus, the processing block 22 can continuously update theposition of the notification-service sound source in the audio field toreflect the movement of the user in the vicinity of the shop. As aresult, the notification audio label will change as the user approachesthe shop (or moves further away). Preferably, of course, thenotification-service sound source is assigned to a world-stabilizedsub-field with the position of the service sound source being set to bein the same direction for the user as the shop itself.

[0161] In a variant of the arrangement described above, rather than thesound sources presenting audio labels for services that have associatedreal-world locations, the sound sources can be arranged to present audiolabels for real world entities with real-world locations, the range ofthe sound sources in the audio field being typically, though notnecessarily, set to represent the actual distance between the user andthe real-world location of the entity concerned. Indeed, the concept ofusing announcements each of a different character to indicate distancebetween the user and a sound source can be applied whatever entity, realor virtual, is being represented by the sound source; in this contextthe term “virtual entity” means any non-real-world entity such as aservice, a data item, or application.

[0162] The concept of using announcements each of a different characterto indicate distance can be further applied to situations beyond thecurrent context of a spatialised audio field. For example, user-carriedequipment can simply be arranged to make a succession of non-spatialisedaudio announcements, each with a differing presentation character, asthe user approaches a particular real-world location or a device inrelation to which range measurements can be made in any suitable manner.

[0163]FIG. 17 shows a further example beyond the context of aspatialised audio field. In this example, a fixed device 125 with speechoutput capability is arranged to sense the approach of a person 126. Asthe person 126 moves closer to the device 125 (the user's movement trackis represented by dashed line 127 in FIG. 17), the range of the userfrom the device crosses range trigger values Z6, Z5 and Z4 (indecreasing range order) triggering a respective audio announcementhaving a range-dependent character. As with the FIG. 16 arrangement, theformality of each announcement decreases with distance (this merelybeing illustrative of one way in which range changes can be indicated tothe person 126). The sensing of the distance between person 126 anddevice 125 can be done in any suitable manner such as by using fixedsensors, round-trip time measurements for signals sent from the deviceand returned by equipment carried by person 126 (with known internalprocessing delay), by a local radio location system interacting withequipment carried by person 126, etc.—in general terms, rangedetermination is done by range-determining equipment at one of theentity, the user, and generally in the environment, either alone or incooperation with auxiliary range-determining equipment at another of theentity, the user, and generally in the environment.

[0164] If a data communication path exists between the device 125 andequipment carried by the user (for example, via a wireless LAN or aBluetooth link), then the announcements made by the device can bepre-specified by person 126 and sent to the device 125 (together withpersonal data such as the person's name). Such a communication path canalso be used to send a range measurement made by the equipment to thedevice, thereby obviating the need for the latter to make the rangemeasurement. Alternatively, where announcements are held by theperson-carried equipment, range data can be passed from the device 125to the equipment to trigger playing of the appropriate announcement bythe latter.

[0165] Further variants involve announcement data being sent from thedevice 125 to the equipment carried by person 126 for use by thatequipment. The sending of this announcement data can be triggered byperson 126 crossing a range trigger value as measured by device 125 (thedata sent being for the corresponding announcement); alternatively theappropriate announcement can be requested from the device 125 as theperson-carried equipment determines that it has crossed a range triggervalue. In another variant, data on all announcements can be sent fromthe device when the person is first detected and in this caserange-dependent triggering of the playing of the announcements can beeffected based on range measurements made by either the device, theperson-carried equipment, or a system in the local environment.

[0166] Additionally or alternatively to the announcements being madewhen triggered by a range trigger value being reached, the announcementscan be made at periodic intervals, the announcement used being dependenton the current range between user and the device 125.

[0167] In the foregoing examples related to FIG. 17, where the device125 announces its presence through announcements made by theuser-carried equipment, this latter can be understood as acting as aproxy for the device 125 (regardless of whether the announcementphrasing is in first-person device-related terms or in third personterms). Rather than having user-carried equipment act a proxy for device125, equipment (typically fixed) in the local environment but notspecific to the device 125, can be arranged to act as an announcementproxy for the device. In this latter case, the announcement (stored inone of the local-environment equipment, user-carried equipment, and thedevice 125, and retrieved to the local-environment equipment asrequired) is preferably made either without any specific directionalcharacter or such as to appear to the user to be coming from the device125 itself (which is more complex to achieve as this approach needs toknow the user's location relative to the equipment and to adapt tochanges in this location as the user moves). As already indicated above,equipment in the local environment can also be used to determine therange between the user and device 125 in which case it can additionallybe used to determine the appropriate announcement and either retrieve(and use) it itself or inform the device 125 or user-carried equipment(which ever is to make the announcement) which announcement to use.

[0168] As an alternative to storing multiple announcements each with adifferent presentation character and selecting the announcementappropriate for the current range value, a single announcement can bestored to which a presentation character appropriate to the currentrange is applied—for example, where the announcement is stored as textdata for conversion to speech via text-to-speech converter, the voicedata used by the text-to-speech converter can be selected according torange so that the voice in which the announcement is made changes withrange.

Selecting a Sound Source in the Audio Field

[0169] A variety of different techniques can be used to select aparticular sound source from those present in an audio field generatedby the first or second apparatus described above. Three specificselection techniques will now be described with reference to FIG. 18which shows further detail of the second apparatus (though it is to beunderstood that the techniques are equally applicable to the firstapparatus); the general character of each of the selection techniques tobe described is as follows:

[0170] 1.)—rotation/displacement of the audio field to bring the soundsource to be selected to a particular selection direction with respectto the user;

[0171] 2.)—moving an audio cursor to coincide with the sound source tobe selected;

[0172] 3.)—speech input with restricted recogniser search space.

[0173] It will be appreciated that the apparatus need only be providedwith one selection technique although providing alternative techniquesadds to the versatility of the apparatus.

[0174] With respect to the first technique, it is convenient to define aselection direction as being the horizontal straight-ahead facingdirection of the user, though any other convenient direction could bechosen such as the actual current facing direction or that of thepresentation reference vector. An indication of the chosen selectiondirection is supplied on input 135 to block 26 (this input 135, but notthe block 26, is shown in FIG. 18). As already described, the user canrotate/displace the audio field by inputs to block 26 (on input 28 shownin FIG. 10), these inputs being generated by input device 136 (FIG. 18).This input device can take any suitable form, for example, amanually-operable device or a voice-input device set to recogniseappropriate commands. For a 2D spherical field, the apparatus isarranged to permit control of both the azimuth angle and elevation angleof the audio-field reference vector relative to the presentationreference vector; for a 2D cylindrical field, the apparatus is set topermit control both of the azimuth angle of the field and of its height(elevation). This permits any point (and thus any sound source) in thefield to be brought into line with the predetermined selection directionby rotations/displacement commanded by input device 136.

[0175] A selection-direction comparison unit 137 of the source parameterset/modify block 70 is fed with an input 138 from block 26 indicatingthe angular offset between the selection direction and the presentationreference direction (this offset is readily determined by block 26 fromthe inputs it receives). Given this information, unit 137 determines ifany sound source in the audio field lies in the selection direction (orwithin a defined angular distance of it) and, if so, sets a selectionparameter of that sound source to ‘true’, resetting the parameter to‘false’ upon the sound source ceasing to be in alignment with theselection direction. The unit 137 operates on basis of the renderingposition of each sound source after any processing by other units ofblock 70 that may affect the rendering position of that sound source.The unit 137 may also set a sounding effect parameter for the soundsource to give a distinctive sound for that source in order to indicateto the user when a sound source lies in the selection direction.

[0176] The input device 136 as well as enabling the user torotate/displace the audio field, also enables the user to indicate thata sound source lying in the selection direction is to be selected. Thisindication is generated, for example, using a selection button or uponrecognition of a command word such as ‘select’, and results in acorresponding signal being fed on line 139 to a mode and source controlblock 128 of the output selection block 12. On receiving this signal,block 128 accesses the memory 15 to determine which sound source, ifany, currently has its selection parameter set to ‘true’; provided sucha source is identified, the block 128 switches the apparatus from itsdesktop mode to its service mode and instructs the spatialisationprocessor 10 on line 129 to output a full service feed for theidentified service sound source.

[0177] It may be noted that when the apparatus is in its desktop mode,at any given moment some of the sound sources may be in a fully mutedstate due to operation of units of the source parameter set/modify block70. Since it is unlikely that a user will intentionally be trying toselect such a muted source, when the mode and source control block 128accesses memory 15 to identify a sound source lying in the selectiondirection, it is preferably arranged to ignore any muted sound source,notwithstanding that the source lies in the selection direction.

[0178] The fact that the FIG. 10 permits the presence of multiplesub-fields has two consequences for the above-described selectiontechnique. Firstly, it will generally be desirable for the input device136 to be able to rotate/displace any desired one of the sub-fieldsindependently of the others; however, when the user wishes to move asound source to lie in the selection direction, it is simplest toarrange for all sub-fields to be moved together by device 136. Secondly,with multiple sub fields that are independently movable, it is possiblethat multiple sound sources can lie in the selection direction at thesame time; in order to cope with this, block 128 can operate anysuitable prioritisation scheme to choose between such sound sources orcan present the choice of sources to the user to allow the user toselect the desired one of the sources lying in the selection direction.

[0179] With regard to the selection direction comparator unit 137setting a sounding effect parameter to give an audible indication to theuser when a sound source lies in the selection direction, the operationof unit 137 can be refined also to adjust a sounding effect parameter toindicate when a sound source is near the selection direction, theadjustment to the sound effect being such as to provide an indication ofthe direction in which the sound source needs to be moved to come intoalignment with the selection direction.

[0180] The second selection technique to be described uses an audiocursor. This cursor is a special sound source that is arranged to berotated/displaced by a cursor control input device 140 which, like inputdevice 136, can take any suitable form; indeed, devices 136 and 140 canbe combined with a mode control for switching between the respectivefunctions of the two devices. For the FIG. 10 apparatus, onestraight-forward way of implementing the audio cursor is as a soundsource aligned with the audio-field reference vector of a dedicatedsub-field; in this case, the output of the cursor control input deviceis fed to block 26 to rotate/displace that sub-field (from which it canbe readily seen that the function of input device 140 can easily beeffected by input device 136). Preferably, the audio-cursor sub-field isarranged not to move with the other sub-fields and to be bodystabilised. An alternative audio cursor implementation is for the inputdevice 140 to directly set the position of the audio-cursor sound sourcerelative to the presentation reference vector, this being theimplementation depicted in FIG. 18 where a block 141 uses the outputfrom device 140 to calculate the current cursor position. With eitherimplementation, the current rendering position of the cursor is fed tothe source parameter set/modify block 70 where it is stored in a memory144.

[0181] A cursor sound setter unit 145 of block 70 compares the positionof the cursor against the final rendering position of each sound source(the unit 145, like the unit 137, is thus arranged to operate using therendering position of each sound source after any processing by otherunits of block 70 that may affect the rendering position of that soundsource). If no sound source is close to the cursor's current position, acursor-sound parameter is set to a corresponding value and is passed,along with the cursor ID and rendering position, via the converter 66 tomemory 15. The spatialisation processor, in conjunction with soundeffector 74, then causes a distinctive cursor sound to be generated atthe appropriate position in the audio field, the nature of the soundbeing such as to indicate to the user that the cursor is not close toanother sound source. The sounding effector 74 is preferably arranged toprovide the cursor sound without the need to refer to the subsystem 13,this variation from the treatment of the cursor as the other soundsources being justified by the special status of the cursor soundsource.

[0182] Upon the unit 145 determining that the cursor is close to a soundsource (that is, within a threshold distance which is preferablysettable by the user), it sets the cursor-sound parameter for the cursorto indicate this for example by setting it to a value that is dependenton the direction of the source relative to the cursor. The soundingeffector 74 then causes the cursor sound to be correspondingly adaptedto indicate this relative direction to the user, for example: RelativePositions Cursor Sound Sound Source above cursor Alternatinghigh-frequency dots and dashes Sound Source below cursor Alternatinglow-frequency dots and dashes Sound Source to left of cursorMiddle-frequency dots Sound Source to right of cursor Middle-frequencydashes

[0183] As an alternative, appropriate words could be used (‘above’,‘below’, ‘left’, ‘right’) repeated at a low volume level.

[0184] The distance between a sound source and the cursor can also beindicated audibly such that it is possible to tell whether the cursor isgetting closer to, or further from, the sound source. Thus, in the caseof the above example using dots and dashes, the repetition rate of thedots and dashes can be increased as the cursor moves closer to a soundsource and decrease as the cursor moves away; alternatively, theseparation distance can be indicated by appropriate words.

[0185] Thus, in general terms, the cursor sounds are modified to providean audible indication of when the cursor is close to a sound source withthis indication being preferably set to indicate the distance and/ordirection of the sound source.

[0186] When the cursor coincides with a sound source (at least in termsof their direction from a user reference location), the unit 145 setsthe cursor-sound parameter to a further value which the soundingeffector 74 translates to another unique sound such as rapid beeping.Unit 145 also sets to ‘true’ a selection parameter of the sound sourceto indicate its coincidence with the cursor. If the user now indicates,using input device 140, that the sound source is to be selected, acorresponding signal is sent on line 142 to the mode and source controlblock 128. As with the first selection technique, this causes block 128to access memory 15 to determine which sound source has its selectionparameter set to ‘true’ before switching the apparatus to its servicemode in which a full service feed of the selected service sound sourceis enabled.

[0187] The block 128 can be arranged to handle muted sources andmultiple sources at the cursor position in the same way as it handledthe corresponding situations for the first selection technique.

[0188] The unit 145 can be arranged not only to set the selectionparameter of the sound source pointed to by the cursor, but also to setthe value of a sounding effect parameter of any sound source determinedby unit to be close to, or in line with, the audio cursor so that thesounds emanating from that sound source are adapted by the soundingeffector 74 (including, potentially by the adding in of extra sounds orwords) to indicate the closeness (and, optionally, distance to) theaudio cursor; thus, for example, the volume or pitch of the soundsource, or the degree of application of a vibrato or echo effect to thesound source, could be increased as the cursor approached the soundsource (and decreased as their separation increased). The relativedirection of the cursor from the sound source (or the reverse direction)can also be indicated by sounds or words output from the sound source.Thus, in general terms, the sounds emanating from the sound source aremodified to also provide an audible indication of when the cursor isclose to the sound source with this indication being preferably set toindicate the distance and/or direction of the sound source.

[0189] The foregoing modification of sounds emanating from a soundsource near the cursor can be done as an alternative to, or additionallyto, setting the cursor-sound parameter to indicate sound-sourcecloseness distance/direction.; in other words, the audible indicationproduced when the cursor is close to a sound source can be provided viathe cursor and/or the sound source. As an example of providing arespective component of this audible indication from the sound sourceand the cursor, the sounds emanating from the sound source can bemodified to indicate the proximity of the cursor and their separationdistance, whilst the cursor sound source can be used to indicate thedirection of the sound source; with this arrangement, where there areseveral sound sources within the closeness threshold of the cursor, thesound sources indicate this closeness by the sounds they emit whilst thecursor indicates the direction to the closest sound source.

[0190] Where the audio sub-fields are of 3D form, it is possible toarrange for the audio cursor to be moved in the third (range) dimension.This can most conveniently done where, as shown in FIG. 18, thecursor-control input device 140 is used to directly set the cursorposition relative to the presentation reference vector; in this case,the input device is simply further arranged to set the range of theaudio cursor and this range value is stored in memory 144. In order toprovide the user with an indication of the range of the audio cursor,the cursor sound setter unit 145 is preferably arranged to set the valueof a sounding effect parameter of the cursor according to the currentrange of the cursor (regardless of the proximity of any sound source),the sounding effector 74 then producing a correspondingly modified soundfor the cursor. For example, where the sounding effector produces a toneto represent the cursor, the volume of the tone can be adjusted, via anaudibility parameter, to reflect the current range position of thecursor (the -greater the range, the quieter the cursor sounds).Alternatively, the frequency of the cursor tone can be varied with thecurrent range of the cursor.

[0191] It may be noted that the focus expander 80 can conveniently belinked to the audio cursor to expand the region of the audio field aboutthe cursor rather than about the current direction of facing of the useras was earlier described. In this case, the unit 80 is supplied with thecurrent cursor position from memory 144 rather than with the currentfacing direction of the user.

[0192] The third selection technique is based on the use of a speechrecogniser 150 to determine when the user is speaking the sound label ofa sound source, the speaking of such a label being taken to be anindication that the user wishes to select the source.

[0193] Speech recogniser 150 has speech input 151 and associatedvocabularies that define the words between which the recogniser is todistinguish. In the present case, the vocabularies associated with thespeech recogniser include a command vocabulary (stored in memory 152)holding command words such as “desktop” (to return to the desktop mode);“louder” and “softer” (to generally increase and decrease volumelevels); “rotate left”, “rotate right”, “up”, “down” (where sub-fieldrotation is to be effected by spoken command), numbers 1 to 10 (toidentify sub-fields), etc. The audio labels held in memory 14 alsodefine a vocabulary for the recogniser, the phonetic contents of thelabel words being made available to the recogniser through anappropriate reference database (not shown). In the event that a soundsource has its associated label constituted by an audio feed from thesource or by non-word sounds, then the label memory is preferablyarranged to store appropriate words that the user might use to selectthe source, these words being advantageously supplied by the relatedservice when first selected by subsystem 13.

[0194] In order to facilitate the operation of the speech recogniser150, various measures can be taken to the reduce the search space of therecogniser (that is, the range of words with which it tries to match aspoken word received via input 151). In the present case, threedifferent restrictions are applied to the search space though it is tobe understood that these restrictions can equally be applied inisolation of each other. These restrictions are:

[0195] (i) A restriction to sound sources positioned within a range gatedetermined by the loudness of the spoken input (this restriction is onlyrelevant where the audio sub-field(s) have depth—that is, a spread ofrange values). Assuming that the user knows the general range of thesound source the user wishes to select, then the user can speak theaudio label of the source at a loudness volume reflecting the range ofthe source. Typically, the user will speak the label of a nearby sourcelouder than that of a more distant one—the underlying model here is thatthe user is reflecting the fact that nearby sound sources are generallylouder a the user than far away ones. However, it would also be possibleto use the opposite scheme where the user speaks louder for further waysources—here the underlying model is that the user needs to speak louderin order for the remote source to ‘hear’. The loudness of the speechinput is measured by block 154 and converted to a range gate. FIG. 19shows an example relationship between loudness and range that can beused by block 154; in this case, for a received loudness of L1, a rangegate G is determined corresponding to equal increments ΔL either side ofL1. The derived range gate G is passed to a restrictions applicationblock 155 that accesses memory 15 to determine which sound sources liewithin this range gate. The recogniser search space is then restrictedto the labels (or other identification words) associated with the soundsources within the range gate. To help the user speak a label at thecorrect loudness, it is possible to provide a calibration mode ofoperation (selected in any suitable manner) in which when a user speaksa word, that word (or another sound) is rendered in the audio field at arange corresponding to that assessed by the loudness-to-range classifier154; the implementation of this feature is straight-forward and will notbe described in further detail

[0196] (ii) A restriction to sound sources that are currently audible.This restriction is implemented by block 155 which accesses memory todetermine whether the current value of the audibility parameter of eachsound source is such as to permit it to be heard. The recogniser searchspace is then restricted to the labels (or other identification words)of the currently audible sound sources. It is also possible to arrangefor sound sources having reduced audibility (that is, sources muted toat least predetermined degree) to be discarded.

[0197] (iii) A restriction to sound sources that lie in the generalfacing direction of the user. To implement this restriction, therestriction application block 155 is supplied on input 156 with thecurrent facing direction of the user, this direction being supplied byblock 26 and specifying the current facing direction relative to thepresentation reference vector. Block 155 then searches memory for soundsources lying within a predetermined angular extent of the facingdirection (it should be noted that the facing direction supplied toblock 155 should first be converted to the same coordinate scheme asapplied by converter 66 to the sound source rendering positions). Afterdetermining which sound sources lie in the general direction of facingof the user, the block causes the recogniser to restrict its searchspace to the labels (or other identification words) associated withthese sound sources.

[0198] Whilst the foregoing assumes that words will be used to identifysound sources, it is also possible to alternatively and/or additionallyuse specific sounds (such as whistling, clicking, grunts, laughter,humming, etc.) which the recogniser 150 would be set to recogise.

[0199] It will be appreciated that although user speech input has beendescribed above in relation to selecting a particular service via itsaudio label, it is also possible to use speech input to address theservice in the service mode of the apparatus (and, indeed, it is alsopossible to arrange for a service to be addressed and provided withinput whilst the apparatus is still in its desktop mode—in this case,addressing a service by speaking its audio label is not assumed to be anindication that full service feed of that service is required, thisrequiring an additional pre- or post input such as speaking the word“select”).

[0200] It may also be noted that restricting the speech recognisersearch space by excluding the labels associated with services lyingoutside a range gate indicated by the loudness of the user input, can beused not only with user interfaces where the services are representedthrough sound sources in an audio field, but also generally with anyuser interface where items are represented to a user with a perceivablerange value and the items have respective associated labels by whichthey can be addressed. For example, items can be presented on a visualdisplay with the range value of each item being perceivable either byperspective in the visible image or from an associated text label.

[0201] It will be appreciated that other techniques additional to thosedescribed above can be used for selecting a particular sound source inthe spatialized audio field. For example, a point-by-hand interface canbe employed in which the user's pointing gestures are detected (forexample by sensing changes in an electric field or by interpreting astereo image) and used to determine which spatialized sound source isbeing indicated.

[0202] Manually-Operated Input Devices

[0203] FIGS. 20 to 24 show various forms of manually-operated inputdevice that can be used for input device 136 or 140 of FIG. 18.

[0204]FIG. 20 illustrates an input device 160 similar in form to knowntrackball devices and comprising trackball 161 the rotation of which ismeasured by sensors (not shown) about two orthogonal axes. The inputdevice 160 is particularly suited for controlling field rotation andaudio cursor movement in the case of a spherical audio field, althoughit can also be used with other forms of audio field.

[0205] Conventional trackball devices measure trackball rotation abouttwo axes lying in a horizontal plane (assuming the mounting plane forthe trackball to be horizontal). This initially appears inappropriatefor a device intended to control rotation of a spherical audio field inazimuth and elevation, rotation in azimuth being about a vertical axisand therefore not directly capable of imitation by a conventionaltrackball device. Accordingly, it is envisaged that embodiments ofdevice 140 provide for measuring rotation about vertical axis 164 aswell as about a horizontal axis such as axis 162.

[0206] However, it has been found that having the trackball 161rotatable about the same axes as a spherical audio field it is intendedto control has certain drawbacks. In particular, rotating the trackballabout a vertical axis is not a very natural action for the user.Furthermore, where, as in embodiments to be described below, rotationsof the trackball are arranged to produce rotations of the same angularextent of the audio field so that the surface of the trackball can bemarked with indications of the current orientation of the audio field,having the straight-ahead position lying at the mid-height of thetrackball and, as a result, not clearly visible to the user, is nothelpful in translating the indications carried by the trackball intoinformation relevant to using the audio field. As a consequence, it isan acceptable compromise to measure the rotation of the trackball aboutits two horizontal axes 162 and 163 with rotation about the axis 163being taken as indicating the required azimuth rotation (rotation inelevation being indicated by rotation about axis 162).

[0207] By the use of appropriate rotation sensing arrangements, it ispossible to sense the current orientation of the trackball 61 and thenorientate the audio field to the same orientation; one suitable sensingarrangement involves providing a pattern of markings (not necessarilyhuman visible) on the surface of the trackball such that reading anysmall area of the pattern opposite a small sensing camera (or otherappropriate sensor depending on the nature of the markings) issufficient to uniquely determine the orientation of the trackball. Thispermits the trackball to be marked in a human visible manner to indicateto the user the current orientation of the trackball and thus thecommanded rotation of the audio field—where no stabilisation offset isapplied by block 26, this orientation directly corresponds to that ofthe audio field relative to the presentation reference vector (thiswould be the case, for example, where headphones are being used and theaudio field is head-stabilised). By way of example, the eight quadrantsof the trackball can each be given a respective colour with theaforesaid sensing pattern being marked out using infrared or magneticinks; FIG. 20 depicts the application of different markings (such ascolours) to different quadrants with three such quadrants 166, 167, and168 being visible.

[0208] Directly marking the outside of the trackball to indicateorientation has a disadvantage in that if the trackball 161 is allowedto be rotatable about all three axes 162-164, then rotations about allaxes must be measured and corresponding rotations effected to the audiofield—if this is not done, the markings on the trackball will quicklycease to correspond to the orientation of the audio field. Whilst it ispossible to engineer restrictions on the rotation of the trackball sothat it can only rotate about the two desired axes, an alternative andpreferred approach is to provide a visual orientation indicatorarrangement that uses the sensed rotation of the trackball to determinethe orientation to be indicated by the arrangement. Such an arrangementavoids the need to match the orientation of the trackball with that ofthe audio sphere and it is possible to use a conventional two-axisrotation sensing arrangement that simply measures angular changes(rather than absolute orientations) potentially with slippage.

[0209] One suitable form of fixed visual orientation indicatorarrangement is illustrated in FIG. 21 that shows a trackball-based inputdevice 170 similar to that of FIG. 20 but without quadrant markings onthe surface of its trackball 171; instead, a row of indicator lights 173(typically LEDs) is provided. Each LED 173 represents a respectivequadrant of the audio field, the quadrant concerned being depicted, forexample, by a graphic adjacent the LED. The activation of the LEDs iscontrolled to indicate the current commanded orientation of the audiofield as known to block 26 of the FIG. 10 apparatus. Thus, as acommanded rotation of the audio field brings the presentation referencevector within a quadrant of the audio field (assuming, for the moment,no stabilisation rotation of the audio field), the block causes the LED173 corresponding to that quadrant to be activated, all other LEDs beingdeactivated.

[0210] Rather than arranging the LEDs 173 in a row, different colouredLEDs (or other light emitting devices) could be grouped together insidethe trackball itself, the latter being translucent or transparent so theuser can see the colour of the currently activated LED and thereforegain an indication of the current orientation of the audio sphere. Thislatter configuration requires an appropriate arrangement for poweringthe LEDs inside the trackball and this can be achieved either by anarrangement of sliding contacts or by flexible wiring runs and physicallimiters on the movement of the trackball to prevent excessive twistingof the wiring. In a further alternative embodiment of the indicatorarrangement, the trackball surface is covered with a layer the visualproperties of which can be altered by control signals; in this mannerthe visual appearance of the trackball provides the desired orientationindication.

[0211] Rather than the visual orientation indicator arrangementindicating the orientation of the audio field relative to thepresentation reference vector without regard to any stabilisationrotation of the audio field (that is, only indicating the commandedrotation), it is preferable to arrange for the indicator arrangement toindicate the audio-field orientation relative to a selected “indicatorreference” direction (for example, the presentation reference vector,the current facing direction of the user, the forward-facing directionof the user, a world-fixed direction such as North, or a vehiclestraight-ahead direction for in-vehicle audio systems) with accountbeing taken, where required, of any rotation of the audio field effectedto give it a specified stabilisation. The required output indicationfrom the indicator arrangement is determined, for example, by block 26and may require information (rotation of the user's head relative totheir body, rotation of the user's head relative to the world or to avehicle, rotation of the user's body relative to the world or to avehicle) not available from any sensors currently being used forachieving a specified audio-field stabilisation sensors—in such cases,the appropriate sensors will need to be provided to supply the requiredinformation to the block 26.

[0212] Basically, in order for the block 26 (or other processing means)to appropriately control the visual orientation indicator arrangement,it needs to know about any changes in the offset between the audio fieldreference and the presentation reference vector (either user commandedor required to achieve a particular stabilisation), as well as anychanges in the orientation of the indicator reference direction relativeto the presentation reference (caused, for example, by rotation of theuser's head or body). In certain cases, at least components of thechanges in the offset between the audio field reference and thepresentation reference vector required to achieve a particularstabilisation in the presence of rotation of the user's head/body, willmatch the changes in orientation of the indicator reference relative tothe presentation reference resulting from the rotation of the user'shead/body. In such cases, it is only necessary to take account of theunmatched components (notably, but not in all cases exclusively, theuser-commanded component) of the offset between the audio fieldreference and the presentation reference. In implementing block 26 (orother processing means) for determining the orientation between theaudio-field reference and the indicator reference direction, it is not,of course, necessary first to determine the offset between the audiofield reference and the presentation reference vector and theorientation of the indicator reference relative to the presentationreference, before going on to determine the orientation between theaudio-field reference and the indicator reference direction; instead thevarious measured components can be directly combined to determine theorientation between the audio-field reference and the indicatorreference direction (with components that match each other outpreferably not being processed). This is depicted in FIG. 22 where block26 is shown as having a processing sub-block 177 for determining theoffset between the audio-field reference and the presentation reference,and a processing sub-block 178 for determining the orientation betweenthe audio-field reference and the indicator reference direction, eachsub-block working directly from measured components (for example:commanded rotation, rotation of user's head relative to user's body, androtation of user's body relative to the world—from which rotation of theuser's head relative to the world can be derived; it will be appreciatedthat this latter could be measured, in which case one of the othermeasured components—not commanded input—is no longer needed). Sub-block178 controls a visual orientation indicator arrangement 179.

[0213] The table below indicates for audio output devices in the form ofheadphones (inherently head-stabilised), the component quantities neededto be known, for each of three different stabilisations, in order todetermine the orientation of the audio field relative to each of threedifferent indicator reference directions. Orientation of Audio-FieldStabilisation Indicator Reference w. r. t. Indicator Reference HeadStabilised Current facing direction Commanded rotation (inherent)(presentation reference) Forward facing direction Commanded rotation +head rotation (wrt body)¹ World direction Commanded rotation + Headrotation (wrt world)¹ Body Stabilised Current facing Direction Commandedrotation − (presentation reference) head rotation (wrt body) Forwardfacing direction Commanded rotation World direction Commanded rotation +Body rotation (wrt world)¹ World Stabilised Current facing directionCommanded rotation − (presentation reference) Head rotation (wrt world)Forward facing direction Commanded rotation − Body rotation (wrtworld)^(1,2) World direction Commanded rotation

[0214] In one preferred embodiment, the audio field is body-stabilisedand the indicator reference direction is the forward-facing direction ofthe user.

[0215] Similar tables can readily be produced for body-mounted,vehicle-mounted, and world-mounted audio output devices. Also, thetables can be extended to include vehicle-stabilised audio fields and anindicator reference direction of a vehicle straight-ahead direction.

[0216] It will be appreciated that embodiments of the visual orientationindicator arrangement that indicate the current orientation of the audiofield relative to a specified indicator reference direction as describedabove, facilitate an appreciation by the user what part of the audiofield they are currently looking at and enables them to more rapidlyfind a desired service sound source. It will also be appreciated thatthe visual orientation indicator arrangement may change the indicatedaudio-field orientation without any operation of the trackball if theorientation of the user changes and results in audio-field rotationrelative to the indicator reference direction as a consequence of thecurrent audio field stabilisation.

[0217] The LEDs 173 can also be used to indicate when a new servicesound source appears within a quadrant and/or when a service soundsource in a quadrant has a new notification. In either case, the LED forthe quadrant in which the service sound source lies can be arranged toflash at least for a limited period. If the LED concerned is alreadyactivated because it encompasses the selected direction controlling LEDactivation, then the LED can still be flashed to provide the requiredindication. It is, of course, possible to provide a separate set of LEDs(or other visual indicators) solely for the purpose of indicating a newsource or new notification in which case the required indication cansimply be activation of the relevant LED. A set of LEDs can be providedfor this purpose in device 160 of FIG. 20.

[0218] Another suitable form of fixed visual orientation indicatorarrangement is illustrated in FIG. 23 that shows a trackball-based inputdevice 180 in which a small display panel 185 is mounted to show adepiction of that part of the audio field lying either side of theindicator reference direction. This depiction preferably gives both anindication of the portion of the audio field concerned (for example, interms of field coordinate ranges, or a quadrant name), and an indicationof the sound sources in this portion of the audio field. The orientationof the audio field can be indicated by other types of diagram or imagedisplayed on display panel 185.

[0219] The FIG. 23 input device also includes, as well as a trackball181, a set of LEDS for indicating, in the manner described above withreference to FIG. 21, when a new sound source or new notification isavailable.

[0220]FIG. 24 shows a form of input device 190 specifically adapted foruse with cylindrical audio fields though also usable with other fields.The input device 190 comprises a cylinder 191 that can be moved by handback and forth along a shaft 192 coaxial with cylinder 191 (see dashedarrow 193) as well as rotated (see dashed arrow 194) about the shaft.Both the position of the cylinder 191 along the shaft 192 and theangular position of the cylinder 191 about the shaft are measured bysuitable sensor arrangements (for example, electro-optical sensors) andare respectively used to set the height and azimuth angle of thecylindrical field being controlled. The cylinder 191 carries an indexmarking 195 that cooperates with a fixed scale 196 to indicate thecurrent height of the audio field. Further markings (not shown) on thecylinder can be used to indicate the current azimuth setting of theaudio field. A set of LEDs 198 (or other light output devices) can beused to indicate the presence of a new sound source or of a newnotification, the LED 198 activated being dependent on the height of thesound source concerned (the scale 196, or other markings, can be used toindicate the height significance of each LED).

[0221] With the form of the input device 190 shown in FIG. 24, becausethe azimuth orientation of the audio field is indicated by markingscarried by the cylinder 191, only the offset between the audio-fieldreference and presentation reference can be indicated and this withoutany account being taken of rotation of the audio field to achieve aparticular field stabilisation. To overcome these limitations, the inputdevice 190 can be provided with any of the above-described forms ofvisual orientation indicator arrangements controlled by block 26 to givethe field orientation relative to a given indicator reference direction.

[0222] It will be appreciated that the above-described forms of visualorientation indicator arrangements controlled by block 26 (or otherprocessing means) to give the field orientation relative to a givenindicator reference direction, can be implemented separately from theinput devices themselves. Furthermore, the visual orientation indicatorarrangements can still be employed where the user is not provided withmeans to change the offset between the audio field reference and thepresentation reference (though, of course, there is little point indoing this in the above-mentioned cases where the user-commanded inputwas the only variable component of the orientation of the audio fieldreference relative to the indicator reference). Finally, it may be notedthat the orientation of the audio-field reference relative to theindicator reference may have one, two or more degrees of freedom and thevisual orientation indicator arrangement is therefore preferablycorrespondingly adapted to be able to indicate all degrees oforientation changes. By way of example, where a head-stabilised audiofield is presented through headphones and the indicator referencedirection is the current facing direction, then if only azimuth changesare involved for user-commanded rotations, for audio-field stabilisationand in determining the current orientation of the indicator referencerelative to the audio field, then the orientation of the audio fieldrelative to the indicator reference has only a single degree of freedom;however, if, for example, the user-commanded inputs can also change theelevation between the audio field reference and the presentationreference, then the orientation of the audio field relative to theindicator reference will have two degrees of freedom. The visualorientation indicator arrangement can, however, be restricted toindicate less than all of the degrees of freedom associated with theorientation of the audio field relative to the indicator reference.

[0223] Each of the input devices 160, 170, 180 and 190 also includes aselection button, respectively 165, 172, 182, and 197 for enabling theuser to indicate that they wish to select a particular service eitherlying in the selection direction or overlaid with the audio cursor.Where sub field rotation/displacement (including rotation/displacementof a cursor sub-field) is to be controlled by any of the devices, thenthat device is preferably also provided with means for selecting whichsub field is to be controlled; these means can take any suitable formsuch as selection buttons, a rotary selector switch, a touch screenselection display, etc. Similarly, selection means can be provided toswitch between audio (sub-)field control and cursor control where thecursor, instead of being associated with a sub-field, has its renderingposition directly controlled by the input device. Further selectionmeans can be provided to enable a user to select a particular indicatorreference direction from a set of such directions which block 26 is setup to handle.

[0224] The input devices described above are suitable for use with 2Daudio fields. The devices are also suitable for 3D audio fields wherethe field/audio cursor is not required to be moved in the third (range)dimension. Where exploration in the third dimension is required (such aswhen an audio cursor is to be moved back and forth in the Z or rangedimension), each device can be provided with a range slider generatingan output signal in dependence on the position of a slider along atrack.

[0225] Variants

[0226] It will be appreciated that many variants are possible to theabove described embodiments of the invention. For example, in relationto the cylindrical audio field forms described above, whilst these havebeen described with the axis of the cylindrical field in a verticalorientation, other orientations of this axis are possible such ashorizontal. Also with respect to the cylindrical field form embodiments,it is possible to implement such embodiments without the use of leakageinto the focus zone and, indeed, in appropriate circumstances, evenwithout the use of a focus zone.

[0227] As regards the audio labels used to announce each service soundsource in the desktop mode of the described apparatus, these labels caninclude a component that is dynamically determined to indicate theactual or relative position of the corresponding sound sources in theaudio field. Thus, if an email service is provided on the second floorof an audio field organised as depicted in FIG. 8, then the audio labelcould be “email on second” or “email down one” (where the user iscurrently located on the third floor). As another example, the audiolabel of a service sound source can include the word “left” or “right”to indicate whether the service is to the left or right of the user.Thus, a service sound source may indicate its location as “upper left”when situated to the left and above the reference direction being used.In one implementation of this feature, a dynamic label processorcontinually checks the position of each sound source (either itsabsolute position in the audio field or its position relative to aselected reference such as the user's current facing direction, orstraight-ahead facing direction, or the presentation reference) andupdates the audio label of the sound source accordingly in memory 14. Inan alternative implementation, the sounding effector 74 (see FIG. 10) isarranged to add an appropriate location key word(s) to each labelaccording to the value of a location parameter that is set for eachsound source by a location-label setter of the source parameterset/modify block 70. This location-label unit functions by examining theposition of each sound source at frequent intervals and determining theappropriate location keyword(s) to add to its audio label depending onthe absolute or relative position of the sound source (again, relativeposition can be judged in relation to any appropriate reference such asuser current facing direction, straight-ahead facing direction, orpresentation reference). As regards the details of determining thelocation of a sound source relative to the selected reference, this issimilar to the above-described determination of the orientation of theaudio-field reference relative to the indicator reference forcontrolling a visual orientation display arrangement; however, afurther, possibly variable, component, is now involved, namely thelocation of the sound source relative to the audio-field reference.Whilst the location of a sound source relative to the selected referencemay have two or more degrees of freedom, in some embodiments it may beappropriate to restrict determination of this relative location to onlyone of the degrees of freedom, the audio indication of this relativelocation being similarly limited.

[0228] The possibility of having multiple sound sources associated witha service has been generally described above. One example where this canbe useful is in relation to a service such as electronic mail or voicemail where it is desired to be able to directly select either the mailinbox or outbox (or message generation function).; in this case, each ofthese service elements is represented by a corresponding sound source inthe desktop audio field.

[0229] Another example of the use of multiple sound sources associatedwith the same service was given above in relation to the ghost advisoryservice used to provide upper and lower summary sound sources 60, 61(see FIG. 8 and related description). The advisory service is a ghostservice in the sense that its only manifestation is through the audiolabels associated with its sound sources—there is no underlying servicecomponent that can be activated by selection of the sound sources.

[0230] A further example of a ghost service with multiple sound sourcesis the use of a sub-field to provide an audio compass available to theuser independently of whatever other audio sub-fields are beingprovided. The compass sub-field takes the form of a world-stabilisedsub-field with one or more sound sources at key compass points (such asnorth, south, east and west, and the user's current facing direction).An electronic compass can be used to provide the necessary input toblock 26 to rotate the audio sub-field such that the spatialized northsound source always lay in the north direction relative to the user (theother key compass point sound sources, being then automaticallycorrectly aligned as a result of their positioning in the audio fieldrelative to the north sound source). The compass-point sound sources canbe set to announce continually or, where speech command input isprovided, only when a command (such as “Compass”) is spoken. Similarly,the user's current facing direction can be arranged to be announced uponthe user issuing a command such as “Direction”. Whilst the accuracy ofperception by the user of the key compass points announced through thespatialized sound sources will only be very approximate, theannouncement of the current facing direction can give the user much moreprecise direction information since it announces a measured directionrather than relying on spatial audio awareness to convey the directioninformation.

[0231] Of course, the audio compass can also be implemented where only asingle, world-stabilised audio field is produced by the apparatus.Furthermore, additional useful functionality can be achieved by linkingthe apparatus with an electronic map system that has an associatedabsolute position determining system such as a GPS system. In this case,the user can specify a map location (for example, by pointing to itwhere the electronic map system has an appropriate display subsystem fordetecting which map location is being pointed to) and a sound source isthen automatically generated in the audio field in alignment with thedirection of the map location indicated. This sound source can output anaudio label giving information about what is at the map location andalso give instructions as to whether the user needs to turn their headleft or right to look directly in the direction of the map location.Another possible function would be to tell the user what is ahead intheir current facing direction or current direction of travel.

[0232] It will be appreciated that most of the functionality of thefunctional blocks of the various forms of apparatus described above,will typically be implemented in software for controlling one or moregeneral-purpose or specialised processors according to modem programmingtechniques. Furthermore, whilst a number of separate memories have beenillustrated the described embodiments, it will be appreciated that thisis done to facilitate a clear description of the operation of theapparatus; memory organisations and data structures different to thosedescribed above are, of course, possible.

[0233] It should also be understood that the term “services” as usedabove has been used very broadly to cover any resource item that it maybe useful to indicate to the user in much the same way as a PC visualdesktop can be used to represent by visible icons a wide variety ofdiffering resource items including local software applications andindividual documents as well as remote services. However, as illustratedby the above-described ghost services, the described forms of apparatuscan also be used to present items that are not simply place-holders forunderlying services but provide useful information in their own right.

1. An audio user-interfacing method in which items are represented in anaudio field by corresponding synthesized sound sources from where soundsrelated to the items appear to emanate, the method comprising the stepsof: (a) determining, for each said sound source, an associated renderingposition at which the sound source is normally to be synthesized tosound in the audio field; (b) modifying said rendering positions of atleast some of the sound sources to dilate a region of the audio fieldset relative to a focus reference; and (c) generating, using audiooutput devices, an audio field in which said sound sources aresynthesized at their associated rendering positions after anymodification effected by step (b).
 2. A method according to claim 1,wherein the focus reference is moved relative to the audio field therebychanging which sound sources are present in the region of the audiofield subject to dilation.
 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein anaudio cursor is movable under user control in the audio field, the audiocursor serving as said focus reference.
 4. A method according to claim2, wherein the focus reference is the current direction of facing of theuser as applied to a reference position where the user is at leastnotionally located.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein saidregion is dilated at least in one of azimuth, elevation and range.
 6. Amethod according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the audiofield outside of said region is subject to compression in step (b) tocompensate for the dilation of said region.
 7. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the sound sources in the audio field outside of saidregion have their rendering positions adjusted to accommodate thatregion without thereby being moved closer to one another.
 8. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein step (b) can be selectively by-passedunder user control.
 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the soundsources are organised into groups and step (b) is applied to soundssources in less than all of said groups.
 10. A method according to claim1, wherein the dilation applied to said region is uniform across theregion.
 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the dilation appliedto said region is non-uniform across the region, being greatest at itscentre.
 12. A method according to claim 1, including the step ofadjusting the extent of said region under user control.
 13. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the audio field is stabilised relative toone of: a user's head; a user's body; a vehicle in which the user istravelling; the world; this stabilisation taking account of whether theaudio output devices are world, vehicle, body or head mounted, and, asappropriate, rotation of the user's head or body, or turning of thevehicle.
 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least some of thesaid items represented by the sound sources are audio labels forservices, the method further involving selecting a service by selectingthe corresponding audio-label sound source.
 15. An audiouser-interfacing method in which items are represented in an audio fieldby corresponding synthesized sound sources from where sounds related tothe items appear to emanate, the method comprising the steps of:(a)—determining for each sound source a rendering position at which thesound source is to be synthesized to sound in the audio field, thesepositions being such that the audio field is dilated in a region of theaudio field set relative to a focus reference; (b)—generating an audiofield in which said sound sources are synthesized at their associatedrendering positions; (c)—moving the focus reference relative to theaudio field thereby changing which sound sources are present in theregion of the audio field subject to dilation.
 16. A method according toclaim 15, wherein an audio cursor is movable under user control in theaudio field, the audio cursor serving as said focus reference.
 17. Amethod according to claim 15, wherein the focus reference is the currentdirection of facing of the user as applied to a reference position wherethe user is at least notionally located.
 18. A method according to claim15, wherein said region is dilated at least in azimuth relative to theuser.
 19. A method according to claim 15, wherein at least a portion ofthe audio field outside of said region is subject to compression in step(b) to compensate for the dilation of said region.
 20. A methodaccording to claim 15, wherein the sound sources in the audio fieldoutside of said region have their rendering positions adjusted toaccommodate that region without thereby being moved closer to oneanother.
 21. Apparatus for providing an audio user interface in whichitems are represented in an audio field by corresponding synthesizedsound sources from where sounds related to the items appear to emanate,the apparatus comprising: rendering-position determining means fordetermining, for each said sound source, an associated renderingposition at which the sound source is to be synthesized to sound in theaudio field; position-modifying means for modifying said renderingpositions of at least some of the sound sources to dilate a region ofthe audio field set relative to a focus reference; and rendering means,including audio output devices, for generating an audio field in whichsaid sound sources are synthesized at their associated renderingpositions, after any modification by the position-modifying means, toprovide sounds related to the items concerned.
 22. Apparatus accordingto claim 21, wherein the rendering-position determining means comprises:means for setting the location of each said sound source relative to anaudio-field reference; means for controlling an offset between the audiofield reference and a presentation reference, the presentation referencebeing determined by a mounting configuration of the audio outputdevices; and means for deriving the rendering position of each soundsource based on the location of the sound source in the audio field andsaid offset.
 23. Apparatus according to claim 22, wherein theposition-modifying means comprises: means for determining the extent ofsaid region, prior to dilation, relative to said presentation reference;means for comparing the rendering position of each sound source with thedetermined extent of said region whereby to determine which soundsources lie within the region; means for modifying rendering positionsof the sound sources lying within said region to dilate the audio fieldin that region; and means for modifying the rendering positions of atleast some of the sound sources outside of said region to accommodatethe region in the audio field.
 24. Apparatus according to claim 21,further comprising means for generating an audio cursor movable underuser control in the audio field, and means for providing theposition-modifying means with the position of the audio cursor, theposition-modifying means being arranged to use the position of the audiocursor as said focus reference.
 25. Apparatus according to claim 21,further comprising means for determining the direction of facing of theuser, and for passing this direction to the position-modifying means,the position-modifying means being arranged to use the direction offacing of the user as said focus reference.
 26. Apparatus according toclaim 21, wherein the position-modifying means is operative to modifythe rendering positions of at least some of the sound sources outside ofsaid region such that at least a portion of the audio field outside ofsaid region is subject to compression.
 27. Apparatus according to claim21, wherein the position-modifying means is operative to modify therendering positions of the sound sources outside of said region such asto accommodate that region without thereby moving the sources outside ofthe region closer to one another.
 28. Apparatus according to claim 21,wherein the dilation applied to said region by the position-modifyingmeans is uniform across the region.
 29. Apparatus according to claim 21,wherein the dilation applied to said region by the position-modifyingmeans is non-uniform across the region, being greatest at its centre.30. Apparatus according to claim 21, including user-operable means foradjusting the extent of said region.
 31. Apparatus according to claim21, wherein at least some of the said items represented by the soundsources are audio labels for services, the apparatus including aselection arrangement for selecting a service by selecting thecorresponding audio-label sound source.
 32. Apparatus according to claim22, wherein the said means for setting an offset between the audio fieldreference and a presentation reference, comprises user input means forenabling a user to change said offset, and stabilisation means forvarying the said offset such as to stabilise the audio field referencerelative to one of: a user's head; a user's body; a vehicle mounting theapparatus; the world.
 33. Apparatus for providing an audio userinterface in which items are represented in an audio field bycorresponding synthesized sound sources from where sounds related to theitems appear to emanate, the apparatus comprising: a rendering-positiondetermining arrangement operative to determine, for each said soundsource, an associated rendering position at which the sound source is tobe synthesized to sound in the audio field; a position-modifyingarrangement operative to modify said rendering positions of at leastsome of the sound sources to dilate a region of the audio field setrelative to a focus reference; and a rendering subsystem, includingaudio output devices, arranged to generate an audio field in which saidsound sources are synthesized at their associated rendering positions,after any modification by the position-modifying arrangement, to providesounds related to the items concerned.
 34. Apparatus according to claim33, wherein the rendering-position determining arrangement comprises: asetting arrangement for setting the location of each said sound sourcerelative to an audio-field reference; a control arrangement forcontrolling an offset between the audio field reference and apresentation reference, the presentation reference being determined by amounting configuration of the audio output devices; and a derivingarrangement operative to derive the rendering position of each soundsource based on the location of the sound source in the audio field andsaid offset.
 35. Apparatus according to claim 34, wherein theposition-modifying arrangement comprises: an arrangement operative todetermine the extent of said region, prior to dilation, relative to saidpresentation reference; a comparator for comparing the renderingposition of each sound source with the determined extent of said regionwhereby to determine which sound sources lie within the region; anarrangement operative to modify rendering positions of the sound sourceslying within said region to dilate the audio field in that region; andan arrangement operative to modify the rendering positions of at leastsome of the sound sources outside of said region to accommodate theregion in the audio field.
 36. Apparatus according to claim 33, furthercomprising a cursor subsystem operative to generate an audio cursormovable under user control in the audio field, and an arrangementoperative to provide the position-modifying arrangement with theposition of the audio cursor, the position-modifying arrangement beingarranged to use the position of the audio cursor as said focusreference.
 37. Apparatus according to claim 33, further comprising anarrangement operative to determine the direction of facing of the user,and to pass this direction to the position-modifying arrangement, theposition-modifying arrangement being arranged to use the direction offacing of the user as said focus reference.
 38. Apparatus according toclaim 33, wherein the position-modifying arrangement is operative tomodify the rendering positions of at least some of the sound sourcesoutside of said region such that at least a portion of the audio fieldoutside of said region is subject to compression.
 39. Apparatusaccording to claim 33, wherein the position-modifying arrangement isoperative to modify the rendering positions of the sound sources outsideof said region such as to accommodate that region without thereby movingthe sources outside of the region closer to one another.
 40. Apparatusaccording to claim 33, wherein the dilation applied to said region bythe position-modifying arrangement is uniform across the region. 41.Apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the dilation applied to saidregion by the position-modifying arrangement is non-uniform across theregion, being greatest at its centre.
 42. Apparatus according to claim33, including user-operable functionality for adjusting the extent ofsaid region.
 43. Apparatus according to claim 33, wherein at least someof the said items represented by the sound sources are audio labels forservices, the apparatus including a selection arrangement for selectinga service by selecting the corresponding audio-label sound source. 44.Apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the control arrangementcomprises user input functionality for enabling a user to change saidoffset, and a stabilisation arrangement operative to vary the saidoffset such as to stabilise the audio field reference relative to oneof: a user's head; a user's body; a vehicle mounting the apparatus; theworld.
 45. Apparatus for providing an audio user interface in whichitems are represented in an audio field by corresponding synthesizedsound sources from where sounds related to the items appear to emanate,the apparatus comprising: a rendering-position determination arrangementoperative to determine for each sound source a rendering position atwhich the sound source is to be synthesized to sound in the audio field,these positions being such that the audio field is dilated in a regionof the audio field set relative to a focus reference; a renderingsubsystem, including audio output devices, arranged to generate an audiofield in which said sound sources are synthesized at their associatedrendering positions; and input functionality for moving the focusreference relative to the audio field thereby changing which soundsources are present in the region of the audio field subject todilation.